Biology: Chap. 8

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from a lecture on meiosis and gametogenesis.

Haploid Cells

Cells with only one set of every chromosome.

Diploid Cells

Cells with two sets of each chromosome.

Meiosis

A process where the goal is to produce haploid cells.

Gametes

Eggs and sperm; haploid cells with only one of every chromosome in each one.

Homologous Recombination

Homologous chromosomes switch bits of information with each other.

Chromatids

Each chromosome has two of these after the s phase of the cell cycle.

Prophase II

The stage where the chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus starts to grow in meiosis II.

Metaphase II

The stage where the spindle apparatus pushes the chromosomes to the center of the cell in meiosis II.

Anaphase II

The microtubules shrink pulling chromosomes apart.

Telophase II

The cells start to split and nuclei begins to reform. This process ends with 4 new haploid cells.

Microtubules

In meiosis II, these shorten, and the chromosomes separate, heading to opposite sides of the cell.

Prophase

Spindle apparatus forms and chromosome is condensed.

Prometaphase

Microtubules from spindle apparatus grab centromere of the chromosome and nuclei begins to break down.

Metaphase

Microtubules align chromosomes in the middle and nuclei is fully gone.

Anaphase

Microtubules begin to shrink pulling the chromosomes apart.

Telophase

The stage where the cells start splitting, and the nucleus begins to reform.

Oocyte/Egg

In biological females, most cellular material goes to one of the cells, which is called this.

Sperm

In biological males, all cells get an equal number of material and are typically all viable; these are called…

Female

Biologically, this means fewer larger gametes.

Male

Biologically, this means many small gametes.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death (cell suicide)

Senescence

A state where cells are alive but permanently stop dividing meaning they can’t repair themselves.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells; important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Oncogene

A gene that has the potential to cause cancer. It is often mutated or expressed at high levels in tumor cells.

Protooncogene

A normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. They are involved in cell growth and division.

Growth Factor Receptors

Transmembrane proteins that bind to growth factors and trigger intracellular signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival.

Contact Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism that inhibits cell growth and division when cells come into contact with each other, preventing uncontrolled proliferation.

Tumor suppressor protein

A key protein that regulates the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. It is