Oxygen Transport System Part 1

Lung level and tissue level

Where do muscles get oxygen from?

Air in lungs, gas exchange (bound to hb) between lung and blood, gas transport, gas exchange between blood and muscle (deliver oxygen to muscle and try to get rid of CO2)

How do muscles get oxygen?

Via a bicarbonate ion (65%), causes venous return

How is the most amount of CO2 transported?

bound to hemoglobin (it can also come out through plasma)

How is 30% of CO2 transported?

99% bound to Hb, 1% flows in plasma

What are the two ways to transport O2?

Vena Cava > RA > RV > Pulmonary Arteries > Pulmonary Capillaries > Pulmonary Veins > LA > LV > Aorta > Systemic Arteries > Systemic Capillaries > Sytemic Veins > Vena Cava

What is the unidirectional blood flow?

Right coronary artery and left coronary artery (originate from aorta)

What are the 2 main coronary arteries and where do they originate from?

Left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX)

What are the 2 main branches of the left coronary artery?

Coronary sinus

What is the main coronary vein?

VO2 = CO x AV2 - diff

What is the equation for VO2max?

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit time

What is cardiac output?

HR x SV

What does CO represent in the VO2 equation?

beats per unit time

What does heart rate (HR) represent?

amount of blood pumped per beat

What does stroke volume (SV) represent?

~5 L/min

What is the normal resting cardiac output?

Receiving oxygen could be compromised

What happens if vascular system is compromised?

Oxygenated blood

What does CO transport?

4900 mL/min, 4.9 L/min

If HR = 70 beats/min and SV = 70 mL/beat, what is cardiac output?

Cardiac output increases linearly

If there is increased work, what happens to cardiac output?

30-35 L/min

At max exercise, what value can cardiac output reach?

It is about the same

At rest how does the Cardiac Output between trained and untrained individuals compare?

Untrained has lower CO (20-22 L/min), trained has higher CO (30-35 L/min)

When not at rest, how does the Cardiac Output between trained and untrained individuals compare?

Blood returning to the heart, increases during exercise, "muscle pump", happens after you deliver oxygen to muslce

What is venous return?

~ 70 mL/beat

What is normal stroke volume at rest?

~100-200 mL/beat

What is the value for maximal SV?

Between rest and submaximal exercise (~50-60% of max)

When does stroke volume increase?

No

Is there a change in SV between submaximal and maximal exercise?

Endurance trained

Which type of athletes have a higher SV?

Hypertrophy the heart

What can athletes do to increase SV?

Increase HR

What should you do to drive Cardiac Output?

Now 60-100bpm (formally 60-80bpm)

What is a normal resting heart rate?

~ 180 - 200bpm

What are the typical values for maximal HR?

220 - age

How do you calculate maximal HR?

No

Is maximal HR affected by exercise training?

HR increases linearly (good indicator of exercise intensity)

How is heart rate affected by increased work?

Trained

Who has a lower HR at rest and at given absolute exercise intensity: trained or untrained individuals?

Trained, requires fewer beats to pump same amount of blood

Who has a higher SV: trained or untrained individuals?

Less than 60bpm (bradycardia)

What is the resting HR of aerobic athletes?

Increase in HR and SV

What causes CO to increase from rest to ~50 - 60% of maximal exercise?

Increase in HR only

What causes CO to increases from 50% to maximal exercise?

Pressure in vessels during ventricular contraction ; 120 mmHg

What is systolic blood pressure?

Pressure in vessels during ventricular relaxation; 80 mmHg

What is diastolic blood pressure?

~ 180 - 200mmHG

What is the maximal systolic pressure?

Linearly

How does systolic pressure increase with increased work?

No, it remains virtually unchanged but may have a slight drop

Does diastolic BP change?

Trained individuals

Who has lower blood pressure?

If the body isn't relaxing enough, blood is left behind in muscle (LV) and something is wrong in the heart indicating a cardiac abnormality

Why don't you want diastolic BP to go up?

No, they will only see a slight drop

If you are a healthy individual, do you see a change in BP if you train hard?

Hyperintensive individuals

Who sees a significant change in BP through medication?

Only SBP

If you have high blood pressure, can you change SBP or DBP?

The relationship between Cardiac Output and Exercise Intensity

What does this line show?

The relationship between Heart Rate and Exercise Intensity

What does this line show?

The relationship between Stroke Volume and Exercise Intensity

What does this line show?

The relationship between Systolic BP and Exercise Intensity

What does this line show?

The relationship between Diastolic BP and Exercise Intensity

What does this line show?

Through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

When you start exercising, how do you redirect blood flow towards the muscles?

At the beginning of exercise, your body wants blood to stay in center region, your muscles have vasocontrollers and they will vasodilate the capillaries and the blood will move from higher pressure to lower pressure and blood will go to the muscles

How do you use vasodilation and vasoconstriction to redirect blood flow towards the muscles during exercise?

Lets us calculate oxygen difference between artery and vein to determine oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

What is a-vO2 difference?

Progressively increases, arterial oxygen content unchanged, and venous oxygen content decreases

What happens to a-VO2 diff during exercise?

What comes in after you eject blood from heart until you reach the muscle

What is arterial oxygen?

The muscle took oxygen

What does it mean when venous oxygen content decreases?

0.25 -> 2.50

What is VO2 in L/min for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

0.25 -> 5.60

What is VO2 in L/min for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?

3.5 -> 35.0

What is VO2 in mL/kg/min for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

3.5 -> 80.0

What is VO2 in mL/kg/min for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?

6.1 -> 17.7

What is Q in L/min for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

6.1 -> 35.0

What is Q in L/min for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?

70 -> 190

What is HR in bpm for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

45 -> 190

What is HR in bpm for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?

87 -> 93

What is SV in mL/beat for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

136 -> 184

What is SV in mL/beat for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?

4.0 -> 14.0

What is a-vO2diff in mL/dL for someone who's sedentary (rest)?

4.0 -> 16.0

What is a-vO2diff in mL/dL for someone who's an athlete (maximal effort)?