Culture Clashes on the Prairie / Segregation and Discrimination, Columbus and the Indians, Black and White / Drawing the Color Line, Early British Colonies / The Colonies Come of Age, Colonial Resistance and Rebellion, Confederation and Constitution,…

What was the best way a warrior from a Plains Indian tribe could earn prestige and respect?

Counting coup without killing anyone

What happened in Sand Creek Massacre?

U.S. forces slaughtered a village of the Native Americans who had not attacked them.

What was the Dawes Act?

A law that divided up Native American reservations between single Native American men and married Native American couples.

A law that gave Native American women no land.

A law that forced Native Americans to divide up their reservations into privately held farms.

A law that stripped Native Americans of 2/3s of their land.

Why did white hunters nearly kill all of the buffalo in the late 1800s?

For sport.

To destroy the main source of food of Plains Indians.

Because the government hosted buffalo killing competitions.

What happened at Wounded Knee in 1890?

Unarmed Sioux accused of doing the Ghost Dance were massacred by American soldiers.

How did Booker T. Washington believe black people should challenge white supremacy?

He publicly argued that black people should accept their lack of political rights.

He publicly argued that black people should do their best to earn a living through farming and other low-level positions.

How did white people oppress black people in 1800s and early 1900s?

They terrorized black communities through public lynchings.

After the Spanish arrived, what did Plains Indians largely depend on?

Hunting buffalo.

Why were many native peoples in the Plains forced off of their land by the U.S. government?*

Because gold was discovered on it.

Why were the Sioux forced on to the Wounded Knee reservation?

They were accused of participating in the ghost dance, which the U.S. government had declared illegal.

What was the issue the Supreme Court faced in the Plessy v. Ferguson case?

Segregation

How did white people oppress black people after Reconstruction?

They segregated black people and forced them to accept second-class citizenship.

They prevented them from voting through terrorism and racist laws.

They terrorized black communities through public lynchings.

They discriminated against them and made it so that it was almost impossible for them to get any job other than sharecropping or servant work.

How did white people restrict the voting rights of black people from the period after Reconstruction through the 1960s?

They required black voters to pass literacy tests.

They threatened, beat up, and even killed black voters.

They required black voters to pay poll taxes.

They created grandfather clauses making it all but impossible to vote if a person's grandfather was not able to vote before the end of the Civil War.

Why did warring Plains Indian tribes sometimes call a temporary truce?

To trade with each other

To celebrate holidays

To share news

What happened in the battle of Little Big Horn?

Native American Forces anticipated the U.S. army, surprised them, and defeated them militarily

What did events at Sand Creek in 1864 and Wounded Knee in 1890 have in common?

They were both massacres of Native American civilians by white soldiers

What did the Supreme Court decide in Plessy v. Ferguson

That segregation was constitutional so long as "separate was equal"

Primary source

A first-hand record of an event created by a participant or witness to that event

Secondary source

Created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the event

What did Europeans generally want from the Indies?

Spices, gold, and trade

How did Columbus and his men treat the Native Americans he encountered in the Bahamas?

He enslaved them and killed those who did not find enough gold

How do we know what we know about Columbus?

Columbus left behind a diary

The personal testimony and research of Bartolome de las Casas

Iroquois Confederacy

Did not believe in private property

Women had rights and could divorce their partners

Families were organized in clans

Women elected a male leader to oversee all of the clans

Democratic

What was the first British colony in North America?

Roanoke

How did the Powhatan Confederacy initially help the British colonists?

They brought them food

What Native American group lived in Massachusetts before the English arrived?

Wampanoag

Why did English colonists declare war on the Pequots in Massachusetts?

They were angry that some Pequots killed a British colonist who kidnapped and enslaved Native Americans

Who won the Pequot War and why?

The English did because they had guns and the Native Americans did not

Why did most Native Americans die after contact with European colonists in the late 1400s, 1500s, and 1600s?

Most of them were not immune to the diseases that Europeans brought over

Why did Columbus and his men enslave the Native Americans he encountered in the Bahamas?

He sought to make money selling them as slaves

He wanted them to bring him gold

What was the second permanent British colony in North America?

Massachusetts

Why did the English colonists declare war on Native Americans in Virginia?

They were angry that Powhatan allowed English runaways to join them

Why did the English colonists declare war on the Pequots in Massachusetts?

They wanted their land

They were angry that some Pequots killed a British colonist who kidnapped and enslaved Native Americans

Why did the English win the Pequot War?

They deliberately attacked non-combatants (civilians: men, woman, and children who were not part of the war)

They allied with the enemies of the Pequot and got their help

They broke whatever promises they made

How come Europeans were not able to take land routes to get to East Asia in the late 1400s?

The Ottoman empire blocked land routes to Asia and charged them high taxes

What was the first permanent British colony in North America?

Jamestown

What Native American group lived in Virginia before the English arrived?

Algonquin

Powhatan Confederacy

How did Native Americans initially help the British colonists in Virginia?

They gave them food

They allowed them to join their society

What did Virginia colonists do during the Starving Time (1609 - 1610)?

Some of them ran away and joined the Powhatan Confederacy

Some of them kidnapped and enslaved Native Americans to force them to work for the colonists

Some of them became cannibals (they ate other people)

Some of them ate their pets/work animals (dogs, horses, cats, etc.)

Why were white settlers not able to enslave as many Native Americans as Africans in Britain's North American colonies?

Native Americans knew the land and could easily run away

Native Americans often died of disease when whites tried to enslave them

How were large African civilizations like European civilizations in the 1600s?

They mostly practiced feudalism

They were advanced in many ways

The African system of slavery was different from the European system of slavery in the Americas because:

In African slavery, slaves had some rights

The children of enslaved people were typically born free.

Slaves would often gain freedom after a period of time and become integrated into the local society.

Slaves could own other slaves.

White indentured servants were treated differently from enslaved Africans in which of the following ways?

Black indentured servants received harsher punishments (including lifetime enslavement) when they were accused of breaking a rule

White indentured servants would receive freedom after their indenture expired (4 - 7 years).

How did enslaved Africans resist their enslavement?

They poisoned their masters.

They burned down their masters' homes and plantations.

They organized revolts.

They ran away.

How were runaway slaves punished?

They were tortured

They were murdered

They were made to constantly wear chains.

They were whipped/branded

What were the consequences of Bacon's Rebellion?

Former indentured white servants were given more access to steal Native American land.

Laws were passed establishing that the child of any black slave was automatically a slave as well.

Wealthy whites gradually stopped importing white indentured servants and brought in more African slaves to replace them.

The surviving leaders were executed.

Laws were passed giving white people rights that black people were denied.

Wealthy whites gradually stopped importing white indentured servants and brought in more African slaves to replace them.

Under the mercantilist philosophy, the goal of a nation is to:

Collect as much gold and silver as possible

Have more exports than imports

What did preachers do during the Great Awakening?

They traveled across the colonies from town to town and preached in public spaces.

They encouraged people to make a personal connection to God.

Why did the French and Indian War start?

Because the British and French both wanted control over the Ohio River Valley.

From where did Benjamin Franklin get the idea for his Albany Plan of Union?

From the Iroquois Confederacy

Why did King George III issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

Because of Pontiac's Rebellion

Because the British could not afford to protect English settlers if they tried to steal Native American land

What did the Proclamation of 1763 NOT do?

It put a tax on all paper goods.
It ended the French and Indian War

What was salutary neglect?

Between 1607 and 1763, Britain did not generally enforce most of its rules or regularly collect taxes in its North American colonies.

What was the Great Awakening?

A religious revival movement in Britain's North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s

Why did Native Americans generally side with the French in the French and Indian War?

Because the French, unlike the English, did not seek to wipe them out. Instead, they wanted generally to trade with them for beaver pelts.

How did the colonies respond to Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union?

Colonial leaders refused to form a confederation

What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?

It told the colonists that they could NOT settle west of the Appalachian mountains.

What were the effects of the Great Awakening?

It led many colonists to break away from established churches (like the Anglican church) and start their own churches

Why did the French and Indian War start?

The French built Fort Duquesne in the Ohio River Valley and the English also wanted this land

The Virginia government had already granted 200,000 acres of land in the Ohio River Valley to a group of wealthy planters and the French also wanted this land

How did Benjamin Franklin try to unite the colonists during the French and Indian War?

He proposed the Albany Plan of Union, based on the government structure of the Iroquois Confederacy

How did colonists react to the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

They were upset because they felt that, having helped the British win the French and Indian War, they were entitled to take Native American land west of the Appalachian mountains

Why did the British start enforcing colonial tax laws in the 1760s?

The United Kingdom was in debt after the French and Indian War

Colonists had not generally been paying their taxes under the years of "salutary neglect"

What did the Stamp Act do?

It imposed a tax on documents and all printed items.

How did colonists respond to the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act Congress organized a boycott of all British goods.

The Sons and Daughters of Liberty tarred and feathered tax collectors.

What did the British do with the Townshend Duties?

They imposed taxes on all imports of china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea

What happened during the Boston Tea Party of 1773?

Members of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, disguised as Native Americans, illegally boarded British ships and threw their tea into the harbor.

What did the Intolerable Acts do?

They shut down Boston Harbor until colonists paid for the tea they destroyed in the Boston Tea Party.

They appointed a new governor over Massachusetts who placed the colony under martial law.

They protected the religious rights of Catholics in the Quebec province

They authorized royal governors to find housing for British soldiers as colonial assemblies had not cooperated with the first Quartering Act

How did some colonists respond to the Intolerable Acts?

They organized the First Continental Congress.

Why did fighting break out at Lexington and Concord?

The British sent troops to seize guns that were illegally being stored by some colonists and colonists attacked the British before they could get their guns.

What convinced many ordinary colonists to join the American Revolution?

The publishing of Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet

How did the British end salutary neglect in the 1760s?

Through the Proclamation of 1763, they forbade the colonists from expanding further westward.

They started cracking down on colonial smuggling through the writs of assistance.

The British sent troops into the colonies in order to protect tax collectors from angry mobs

They began to make sure that colonists were paying taxes for things like imported sugar.

Why did the British pass the Stamp Act?

The colonists had generally not been paying taxes during the period of salutary neglect and the British had nearly gone bankrupt protecting the colonies in the French and Indian War.

What did the British end up doing about the Stamp Act in 1766?

They repealed it, but declared they had the power to still tax the colonies

What caused the Boston Massacre?

A colonial mob throwing snowballs surrounded a group of soldiers and taunted them.

Many colonists were upset that British soldiers were stationed in their town and held a protest against their presence

What things did colonial leaders do because of the fighting that broke out at Lexington and Concord

They sent an Olive Branch Petition to the King

They organized a Continental Army

They organized a Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress asked Jefferson to draft a Declaration of Independence

What ratio of American colonists supported the American Revolution?

About 1 out of every 3 colonists

Why did the British bring an end to their policy of salutary neglect?

The United Kingdom was in debt after the French and Indian War and needed to bring in more revenue (money)

The British could not afford to keep fighting Native Americans and had to put a temporary stop to western expansion by the colonists

How did colonists respond to the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act Congress organized a boycott of all British goods

Why did the British pass the Townshend Duties?

They had repealed the Stamp Act and needed to get money from the colonies

Many colonists had claimed that they would not accept taxes on things they made (like paper), but that they would accept taxes on imported goods

What caused the Boston Tea Party of 1773?

Many colonists were angry that Parliament had given the East India Tea Company the exclusive right to sell tea in the colonies

How did the Second Continental Congress try to prevent a war after fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord?

They sent an Olive Branch petition to the King to prevent a full-scale war

What did colonial representatives agree to do at the end of the Second Continental Congress?

They created a continental army with George Washington in charge

How did the colonists win the American Revolution

They received help from the Spanish and French

What were some of the problems the Articles of Confederation Government was unable to solve in the 1780s?

IIt was unable to raise an army to put down rebellions.

It was unable to deal with foreign empires that threatened the U.S.

It was unable to raise money to pay back soldiers in the Continental Army

It was unable to stop states from taxing each other.

What caused Shays' Rebellion?

Banks were seizing the property of many farmers who were unable to pay their debts.

Farmers were upset by increased state taxes.

Many Continental Army soldiers had not been paid for their service to the country and were upset with the Articles of Confederation government.

Many farmers were put in debtor's prison for being unable to pay their debts.

What did the Articles of Confederation Government accomplish?

It said that the Ohio River Valley would be divided into three to five states

It passed the Northwest Ordinance, outlawing slavery in the Ohio River Valley.

Why was a Constitutional Convention held in 1787?

Wealthy elites who had funded the creation of a state militia in Massachusetts to put down Shays' Rebellion wanted a stronger government.

What was the conflict between representatives from New Jersey and Virginia at the Constitutional Convention?

New Jersey representatives wanted each state to have the same number of representatives while Virginia representatives wanted the bigger states to have more representatives.

Why did the Great Compromise create an issue between Northern and Southern delegates at the Constitutional Convention?

Southern delegates wanted to count enslaved people to get more representatives in the House of Representatives while Northern delegates believed they should not be counted at all.

What were the Federalist Papers?

A series of articles written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to convince Americans to support the new Constitution.

Why did state representatives end up approving the new Constitution?

Because the framers of the Constitution agreed to adopt a Bill of Rights to address the concerns of the anti-Federalists.

How was the Constitution different from the Articles of Confederation?

The Constitution called for the creation of an executive branch and the Articles of Confederation only included a legislative branch

The Constitution created a federal court system while only the states had courts under the Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government and the Constitution created a much stronger national government

The Articles of Confederation gave most of the power to the states while the Constitution divided power between the states and the national government.

What did Shay's Rebellion lead to?

The Constitutional Convention

What was the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention?

Delegates from Connecticut proposed the creation of a Senate in which each state would have two senators

Delegates from Connecticut combined elements of New Jersey and Virginia's plan to create a new kind of Congress.

What was the 3/5s Compromise?

An agreement between Northern and Southern states to count each enslaved person as 3/5s of a human being to determine how many representatives each state would get.

What rights does the First Amendment guarantee?

Freedom of religion

Freedom of assembly

The right to petition the government

Freedom of press

What brought an end to Shay's Rebellion?

Massachusetts created a militia funded by Boston businessmen and the militia put down the rebellion

What agreement did Northern and Southern delegates at the Constitutional Convention make about how to count enslaved people when it came to determining how many representatives each state would get?

The 3/5s Compromise

Why was a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

To get the Constitution ratified, the framers of the Constitution needed to address the concerns of the anti-Federalists.

What led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States?

The conflict between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton over how involved the government should be in the economy