Biology Chapter 4

organic chemistry is the study of what

the study of carbon compounds

carbon atoms can partner with atoms other then what

hydrogen

how can adding atoms make a difference

1. length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings

give an example of length

ethane to propane

give an example of branching

butane to isobutane

give an example of double bond position

1- Butane 2-Butene

give an example of rings

cylohexane, and benzene

what are isomers

isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

what is a structural isomer

structural isomers have different covalent arrangements

what is a cis-trans isomer

they are geometric isomers, that have the same covalent bond but differ in their spatial arrangement

what is cis isomer

has the x on the same side

what is a trans isomer

has the x on different sides

what are enantiomers

they are isomers that are mirror images of each other

what is a real life examples of how enantiomers work

your hands! they are mirror images but they aren't the same thing

enantimers are important in the pharmaceutical industry why?

2 enantiomers may have different effects and often only one enatiomer is biologically active

what is an example of an enatiomer

IB-profen is meant to reduce inflamation and pain. S-ibprofen is effective R-ibprofen is ineffective

_______ can form _______ chains with _________

carbon can form long chains with energy

what are hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

what types of molecules have hydrocarbon components

many organic molecules such as fats have hydrocarbon components

hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that ___________

large amounts of energy

carbon can form bonds with many different elements, what does this lead too

functional groups, various kinds of atoms or clusters of atoms, covalently bonded to carbon backbone

functional groups do what

gives the organic molecule different characteristics

what and what differ by what

estrogen and testotrone differ by functional groups

what is the mneomic device to remember the functional groups

Harry's Crazy Cat Ate Some Purple Mice

what are the functional groups

Hydroyxl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydrl, Phosphate, Methyl

Hydroxl group: - structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about hydroxl group

Compound Name: Alchohol, Example: Methanol, Proponol ALSO: polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water

Carbonyl Group-structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about carbonyl group

Compound Name: Ketone or Aldehyde Example: Acetylacetone ALSO: Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses, those with aldehyde are called aldoses

Carboxyl Group-structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about carboxyl group

Compound Name: Carboxylic Acid, Organic Acid Ex: Certain Amino Acids ALSO: Acts as an acid

Amino Group- structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about amino group

Compound Name: Amine, Ex: Ammonia ALSO: acts as a base

Sulfydrl group-structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about sulfrydrl group

Compound Name: Thiol, Ex: Certain Amino Acids ALSO: TWO- SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabalize protein structure

Phosphate Group-structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about phosphate group

Compound Name: Organic phosphate Ex: Adenosine Triphosphate: ALSO Contributes negative charge. when attached which leads too and has the ability to react with h20 releasing energy

Methyl Group-structure, compound name, and example ALSO what is important about methyl group

Compound Name: Methylated Group Ex: Methyl Alcohol ALSO: affects the expression of genes, affects the shape and function of sex hormones

what is an important organic phosphate

ATP

why is ATP important

it stores the potential to react with h20, this then releases energy that can be used by the cell.

what is a mneomic device to remember how can adding atoms make a difference

lions bring delicious pizza