Studied by 23 peopleprophase
the nucleolus begins to disintegrate
anaphase
chromatids separate at the beginning of this stage
metaphase
chromosomes move toward center of cell
anaphase
a chromatid from each pair is attracted to each pole of the cell
telophase
the reappearance of the nucleolus can be noticed and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
telophase
nuclear membrane forms from ER
metaphase
separate spindle fibers become attached to the centomeres of each chromosome
prophase
separate chromosomes are not clearly visible but the chromatin has become thicker and shorter
prophase
in the middle of this stage, the nucleolus has completely disappeared
anaphase
in animal cells, the cell membrane begins to pinch together at the cell’s center
telophase
the chromosomes lose their distinct forms and once again reappear as a mass of chromatin
prophase
microtubules form as tiny fibers between the poles
cytokinesis
in animal cells, the cell membrane pinches together completely so that the single cell is separated into two daughter cells
telophase
in plants, the cell plate begins to appear midway through the cell
cytokinesis
in plants, the cell plate is completed to form daughter cells
prophase
in animal cells, the centrioles seperate
telophase
the cell plate forms membranes of golgi bodies or ER
G1
cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate their organelles.
Synthesis
DNA is replicated
G2
additional growth occurs
G0
Cells that divide rarely are considered to be in what phase?
external factors
come from outside the cell, either from nearby cells or from another part of the organism's body
internal factors
come from inside the cell and include several types of molecules found in the cytoplasm
kinase
an enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a specific target molecule
cyclins
a group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle
apoptosis
programmed cell death; occurs when internal or external signals activate genes that help produce self-destructive enzymes
cancer
a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
cell theory
all organisms are made of cells; all existing cells are produced by other living cells; the cell is the most basic unit of life
robert hooke
created the name “cell”
DNA
molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms
chromosome
long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information
chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
chromatin
the material that chromosomes are composed of; contains proteins, DNA, RNA
centromere
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle fibers attach during cell division
mitosis
process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents
centrosomes
small region of cytoplasm that produces protein fibers called microtubules
Centrioles
minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
sex cells
which cells do not go through the cell cycle
sexual reproduction
involves the joining of two specialized cells called gametes (eggs and sperm cells), one from each of two parents
sexual reproduction
produces offspring that are genetically unique because they have a mixture of genes from both parents
true
true or false: prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce asexually
binary fission
asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts
cell differentiation
process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function
stem cells
cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated
gene
specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Note 
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