Threats to Henry VII, Henry VII threats

Why were the Nobility a threat to Henry?

-Due to the economic repercussions of the War of the Roses, Henry's financial power was not far beyond that of the highest Nobility, leaving him vulnerable.

-His relationship with them was critical for his survival as he depended on them to maintain law and order.

-Henry was extremely paranoid and lacked trust for the Nobility, their loyalty was not certain, and Henry needed to ensure he could assert his Dynastic power over his Nobles.​

How did Henry use Acts of Attainder?

This was not a new policy on Henry's behalf; however, he made it more efficient. These acts seized the land of Nobles who were suspected of being disloyal, they were passed through parliament and required no trial. He passed a total of 138 during his reign, 51 of which in the later stages.​

How did Acts of Attainder reduce the threat of the Nobility?

It reduced the threat as the Nobility were forced into loyalty due to the threat of losing their power and therefore more likely to show loyalty to Henry.

How did Henry use Patronage?

He was careful to not give too much patronage, limiting their power. During his reign the Nobility fell by ¼, vacant lands were absorbed by the King, and he made use of the gentry to undermine the power of the Nobility.​

How did his use of patronage reduce the threat of the Nobility?

This reduced threat as the Nobility were more likely to be loyal as it rewarded them power and a more favourable position in Henry's court.

How did Henry manage Retaining?

Henry regarded this practice as lawless and passed laws against it. Lords had to swear in 1485 that they would not illegally retain, and after 1504 Nobles needed a special license and were fined if they broke this.​

How did Henry's management of retaining reduce the threat of the Nobility?

This meant the nobility could not grow a large number of men with which they could threaten Henry's power, therefore an uprising became much less likely​.

How did Henry use bonds and recognisances?

Bonds were widely used by Henry, placing nobles in debt to the crown so that they would stay loyal in the future. By the last decade of his reign 2/3 of the Nobility were under bond.​

How did Henry's use of bonds reduce the threat of the Nobility?

It was useful it reducing threat as it increased his financial power from those he didn't trust and forced the Nobles to stay faithful or risk financial ruin.​

Judgement- Nobility

Ultimately this was not a large threat to Henry, the majority of the Nobility ended up remaining loyal to his throne and those who didn't were dealt with swiftly. His methods of removing them were also very effective as he had various methods of control over them to restrict their power.​

What caused the Cornish Rebellion?

This rebellion was sparked by demands to remove taxes, Henry needed extraordinary revenue to finance a campaign against Scotland and the costs were £120,000, higher than any ever previously levied by the King.​

What caused the Yorkshire Rebellion?

Parliament had agreed to raise £100,000 for the Bretton crisis. This demand was poorly received in Yorkshire who had suffered a poor harvest in 1488 the year before. Henry refused to negotiate with the rebels.​

How did Henry tackle the Cornish Rebellion?

He sent a royal army of 500 men and refused to negotiate with the rebels. He sent his army of 25,000 to take on the rebels 10,000 men, the Battle was a rout and Audley was executed, along with other local leaders who were hung, drawn and quartered. Only around 1000 of the rebels were killed and most were heavily fined, raising around £15,000.​

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How did Henry tackle the Yorkshire Rebellion?

The King travelled North to pardon most of the prisoners in conciliation for the murder of the Earl of Northumberland. He appointed the Earl of Surrey as a lieutenant in the area. Surrey had no vested interest in the area and his loyalty was guaranteed as his estates depended on his success in the role.​

Judgement- Rebellions

The rebellions were not a large threat. They were quickly defeated and at no point posed a challenge to his dynastic security, however Henry learnt the harsh lesson that he was still vulnerable, the rebels had reached London unchallenged which raised questions of the Nobility's loyalty. It also exposed the delicate balance between public order and lawlessness and made Henry cautious about entering into any further foreign conflicts.​

Why was Simnel a threat to Henry?

Simnel was a threat to Henry, due to the fact that the man who he was impersonating (the earl of Warwick) had a stronger claim to the throne than Henry himself did. If Simnel managed to gain support from the people, he would have been able to overthrow Henry and steal the crown for himself. Simnel was a threat due to the fact he questioned Henrys dynastic legitimacy. It was also a threat because the Earl of Lincoln (John de la Pole) rallied to the cause and fled to Ireland to join the rebels. This was a threat because Henry had somewhat trusted him, and he had even been involved in the early discussions of what to do with Simnel.​

How did Henry deal with Simnel?

Henry took an army to meet Lincoln at East Stoke, just outside of Newark on 16th June 1487. Henry had a force of 12000, whereas Lincoln only had 8000 men. However, Henry still feared the battle of Stoke as he knew from first-hand experience how the battle can be triumphed by the underdog. The Kings army held firm and the leaders including Lincoln were killed.

Judgement- Simnel

It was serious due to the fact Simnel had support from Ireland mainly from Lord Kildare. This was serious as it demonstrated how Henry had no control over Ireland outside of the Pale but also that Yorkist threats and rebellions could use Ireland (who were Yorkist supporters) as a springboard to invade and attack England. It was also serious because The Duchess of Burgundy sent 2000 German mercenaries to support Simnel. This demonstrated how foreign powers were questioning Henrys dynastic legitimacy and were willing to support a force to overthrow him. Another reason for it being serious was that Simnel lead Henry into a pitched battle in which the outcome was uncertain.

Why was Warbeck a threat to Henry?

Warbeck posed such a threat due to his foreign support that he gathered. Warbeck was invited into the court of Charles VIII of France, where he was treated as a prince. Following this he moved to Burgundy where he was accepted by Margaret as her nephew. These examples of foreign support for Warbeck questions Henrys dynastic legitimacy, as these foreign powers feel Henry isn't the divine King of England and were willing to support Warbeck as they wanted him to take the throne back from the current usurper King. Sir William Stanley was also involved with supporting Warbeck. This posed a threat as Stanley was influential within the Government. Demonstrating how Henry cannot trust his nobility and that Warbeck had a large amount of support.​

How did Henry deal with Warbeck?

Between 3000 and 8000 joined. However ,there was a lack of support from the gentry or nobility . They ended up being trapped at Taunton and Warbeck's supporters started to melt away. Warbeck was then captured and brought to court. Henry decided to show leniency since he saw him as a puppet of more powerful men. However, whilst not formally imprisoned, he tried to escape in June 1498. He was then arrested and placed in the tower. He was then caught plotting with the Earl of Warwick in the tower. In 1499 both were tried for treason and were executed. ​

Judgement- Warbeck

It was a serious threat due to the fact of how much support Warbeck gathered. Warbeck gathered foreign support which questioned Henrys dynastic legitimacy. But Warbeck also received support from William Stanley who was the Lord Chamberlain this demonstrated how Henrys government was weak and that the nobility could not be trusted. Warbeck was also harboured in Scotland by James IV, demonstrating how Henry faced threats from neighbouring countries and that Yorkist pretenders could take refuge in Scotland before attacking England. I think the main thing that made Warbeck was a threat was because it lasted for over a decade and resulted in the prevention of Prince Arthurs marriage to Catherine of Aragon through the Treaty of Medina del campo.​

How were Scotland and France a threat to Henry?

The alliance essentially limited the actions of England, and continually made them susceptible to a double-fronted attack, from the north and south. Furthermore, the relation between England and Scotland had always been strenuous, with many battles taking place along the border in the past centuries, this meant that if Scotland were to ever invade England in the future, Henry would have to fear the possibility of a French-supported army, which would be detrimental to Henry's internal stability.​

How did Henry manage foreign threats? (Overall)

Despite the challenges Henry faced regarding his foreign policy, his ability to form strong alliances and to organise critical marriage agreements were exceedingly useful in protecting his throne from foreign threats. This diplomatic approach to his foreign policy was overall successful, because it meant he could safeguard the English economy, and prioritise his attention to protecting his internal stability.​

How did Henry manage foreign threats? (Scotland)

During his reign, Henry avoided many potential conflicts with his use of diplomacy to forge peace treaties and marriages. Specifically, Henry understood the challenges posed by Scotland and was able to arrange treaties and marriage agreements that deescalated the threat posed by them. Following the Cornish rebellion in 1497, and how detrimental it was to his own dynastic security, Henry sought to formulate an immediate truce with Scotland, which was successful and was finalised in 1502 via the Treaty of Ayrton. This treaty was crucial in Henry's foreign policy because it minimised the challenged posed by a once agitated Scotland, and instead allowed Henry to focus on pressing the rebellions that were taking place within his own borders. Furthermore, in 1503, Henry's eldest daughter- Margaret- married James IV of Scotland, which helped settle the ill feeling between both nations, as it acted a symbol of the peace between them.​

How did Henry manage foreign threats? (France)

In response to the threat posed by France, Henry sought to achieve an alliance with Spain- who were another powerful European nation, and he hoped it would balance out the challenges of French hostility. Henry was able to achieve this 1489, when he signed the Treaty of Medina Del Campo with Spain, as it promised mutual protection of each other's land, and also included a clause forbidding them to form any peace agreements with France. These was hugely successful in reducing the threat of foreign powers as it meant that not only would England be safe from a potential invasion from there largest enemy, but it ensured neither Spain or England would undermine the significance of the treaty.

Judgement- Foreign Policy

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So, although there were instances that seemed to be hugely significant threats to Henry's throne, through careful treaties and marriage agreements, Henry was able to ensure he would be safe from an invasion from Europe. And although, by the end of Henry's reign, it meant that England were geopolitically isolated, Henry believed this isolation was good as it allowed him to focus on internal threats (which he deemed for serious that external ones). Without the worry of a potential foreign attack, Henry could build up his personal wealth, and focus his attention to the threat of pretenders, and subdueing the rebellions in Cornwall and York.

OVERALL JUDGEMENT

Ultimately, the largest of these threats to Henry was the pretenders. They provided the most direct danger to his dynastic security and even managed to force him into a position in which he had to fight for his position with an uncertain position. This meant they were the largest threat to Henry due to his inability to effectively deal with their threats, allowing them to consistently harm him throughout his reign, whether it be using foreign support and disturbing European affairs, or directly launching attacks into England to target Henry's vulnerabilities and lack of control. They proved stronger than other threats in how they lasted for years and provided the most real danger, and so were the highest threat to Henry VII.

Henry VII's approach

♥ Henry's position in 1485 was precarious

♥ won throne by battle, quickly cements his position w/ marriage to Elizabeth of York however he's still young (29), inexperienced and faces threats from other members of her family

♥ domestically, he plays a cautious game; chooses not to execute these rivals and instead either has them imprisoned (e.g. Earl of Warwick) or keeps a close eye on them (e.g. Earl of Lincoln)

♥ Internationally - much harder to control threats to his throne

Lovel Rebellion - who were the rebels, when did they rebel, why?

♥ 3 minor noblemen - Francis, Viscount Lovell and the Stafford brothers tried to raise a rebellion in Yorkshire and the Midlands

♥ Richard's supporters

♥ they had been claiming sanctuary and broke out when HVII went to York

Key events - Lovell Rebellion 1486

♥ plan was to detain HVII

♥ Henry sent armed force to offer them choice of pardon or death - if they fought and lost. The rebels dispersed.

♥ Lovell fled to Flanders and the Stafford's sought sanctuary again.

♥ Stafford's arrested, one was executed - Humphrey the elder executed, Thomas (the younger one) was freed.

Evidence Lovell Rebellion 1486 wasn't significant threat to HVII

♥ Little enthusiasm for the rebellion even though it was in Richard III's heartland

♥ HVII decisive/proved he was prepared to be severe when necessary (killed one of the brothers)

♥ easily suppressed

Evidence Lovell Rebellion 1486 was significant threat to HVII

♥ early in his reign

♥ nobility involved

♥ Lovell moved to Burgundy where he continued to pose a threat

♥ the fact he felt the need to execute one of the Stafford's shows his insecurity

Background of the Yorkshire Rebellion

♥ 1489 - Henry VII wanted to aid Brittany in maintaining independence from France (potential foothold and ally in France)

♥ Parliament voted to give £100,000 subsidy to Henry to support Brittany - had to be raised by taxation.

♥ Tax caused resentment - early form of income tax, many other taxes prior to this could be paid in kind opposed to cash.

♥ Only £27,000 raised.

♥ Tax least welcome in Yorkshire - bad harvest, tax was step too far. Yorkshire previously exempt from paying such tax, expected to use finances to defend Northern border against Scots.

Events of Yorkshire Rebellion

♥ People of Yorkshire appealed to Henry Percy (Earl of Northumberland) for help, he put the case before the King.

♥ Henry in difficult position - needed to assert authority early in reign to not appear as a weak leader (as people would take advantage of this), also supported the reason for which the money was being raised: to help Brittany, which would in turn help England in the future.

♥ refused to listen to Northumberland's arguments, he returned north with nothing

♥ Northumberland informed people in Yorkshire that King wouldn't bend, so he was murdered.

♥ didn't help that Northumberland was known to support the tax (maybe wanted to maintain positive relationship w/ Henry).

♥ Sir John Egremont (illegitimate member of Percy family) led riots in local area over the tax.

♥ Henry sent Earl of Surrey - quickly put down the rising.

♥ Egremont unreliable as leader, fled to Flanders to the court of Margaret of Burgundy rather than facing the Royal Army.

Aftermath of the Yorkshire Rebellion

♥ Henry travelled north, issued many pardons for those who were involved in uprising

♥ Surrey appointed Lieutenant of the Council of the North (royal council begun by Edward VI which had lapsed in 1485), and lands which had belonged to the now dead Earl of Northumberland transferred to the crown.

♥ Surrey had no reason not to be loyal to Henry - his own social and political advance relied on the King

♥ Henry faced no more problems in the north though he failed to collect the region's tax quota for Brittany campaign.

Background of the Cornish Rebellion

♥ 1496 - a forced loan for war in Scotland approved by government.

♥ Cornwall previously exempt from taxation from war w/ Scotland due to its distance from the border and also due to poverty.

♥ New loan ignored this, Cornwall to contribute disproportionately large share

♥ Tin miners angered at scale of taxes - violated previous rights granted by Edward which exempted Cornwall from all taxes of tenths of income

♥ Cornish had little sympathy for English wars against Scotland - most Cornish weren't English speakers.

Events of Cornish Rebellion

♥ Michael An Gof (Michael Joseph, blacksmith from St. Kervene) and Thomas Flamank (lawyer from Bodmin) incited many Cornish people into armed revolt against King

♥ Army of 15,000 marched into Devon, getting provisions and recruits as they went.

♥ apart from one incident at Taunton (tax commissioner killed), their march was 'without any slaughter, violence or spoil of the country'.

♥ march gathered momentum, moving to Wells and getting support from James Touchet (7th Baron Audley) - rebellion now had noble support

♥ rebellion continued across South of England, reiching Winchester after visiting Bristol and Salisbury.

♥ issued declaration of grievances, made decision to try and broaden rebellion to attract more support in hopes of forcing monarch into concessions.

♥ headed for Kent, didn't find support - people there not supportive of rebellion, clashed w/ rebels over their cause.

♥ disillusioned, elements of the Cornish army retreated, some went home. Remainder prepared to battle against the King.

♥ June 13th 1497 - Cornish army arrived at Guildford.

♥ Henry VII gathered army of 8,000 men assembled under command of Giles, Lord Daubeney (Henry's chief general)

♥ Cornish army left Guildford, moved to Blackheath were they pitched their final camp, looking down from the hill onto the River Thames and City of London.

♥ Some Cornish deserted, by morning only 10,000 Cornish stalwarts remained to fight.

Ending of the Cornish Rebellion

♥ 17th June 1497 - Battle of Blackheath happened on a site in south-east London

♥ Henry VII had army of around 25,000, Cornish lacked cavalry and artillery arms

♥ Henry spread rumours that he'd attack on following Monday, moved against the Cornish at dawn on 17th June 1497.

♥ Royal Army too strong - 'ill-armed and ill-led, and without horse or artillery'

♥ up to 2,000 Cornish dead and a general slaughter of the broken army well under way when An Gof gave order to surrender.

♥ he fled, only got as far as Greenwich before he got captured.

♥ Baron Audley and Thomas Flamank killed on battlefield.

♥ Remaining rebels that escaped went home, ending the rebellion.

Signs that Henry was threatened by Cornish Rebellion?

♥ severe financial penalties crippled sections of Cornwall for years to come, prisoners sold into slavery and estates seized and handed to more loyal subjects. ♥ An Gof and Flamank both sentenced to treason - hung, drawn and quartered, however had King's mercy and were allowed to hung to death before being decapitated. executed at Tyburn on 27th June 1497.

♥ Audley beheaded 28th June at Tower Hill.

♥ their heads displayed on pike-staffs on London Bridge. - warn others not to rebel against him

Who was Lambert Simnel?

♥ pretended to be Richard Duke of York at first, then pretended to be Edward Earl of Warwick (who is actually in the Tower)

♥ Yorkist's needed more financial support, needed someone people would rally behind - a Yorkist prince

Lambert Simnel - Events

♥ May 1487 - Margaret of Burgundy sent 2,000 mercenaries to Ireland where Earl of Kildare crowns Simnel

♥ Henry offers rebels (led by Lincoln) a pardon, they refuse, he also displays real Earl of Warwick, who is ignored.

♥ Lincoln flees to Burgundy where Lovell is

♥ Henry reinstates the Earl of Northumberland (member of the Percy family) to power in the north + reinforced costal defences.

♥ Yorkists gentry reluctant to join the rebels (ill-disciplined./Irish).

♥ June 1487: Battle of Stoke - 8,000 vs 12,000 - led by Earl of Oxford. Lasted a few hours.

♥ Lincoln killed (leader), Simnel captured and put to work as a turnspit in the King's kitchens

♥ 28 other rebels have their lands attained (seized)

♥ Elizabeth of York publicly crowned Queen to unite the people

♥ 1488: Treaty of friendship signed with Maximilian

Why did the Yorkists support Lambert Simnel?

♥ Earl of Lincoln was a Yorkist, thus eager to destabilise the Tudors - probably aims to take the throne himself, no intention of making Simnel King.

♥ Elizabeth Woodville: Henry VII's mother in law, who had her estates seized by Henry, later confined to a nunnery.

Why did the Habsburg Burgundians support Simnel?

♥ Margaret of Burgundy was Edward IV's sister, therefore a Yorkist. Pays for mercenaries used in the invasion force.

♥ Emperor Maximilian was Margaret's husband. Wants to take over Brittany, resents Henry's close relationship to it (Henry stayed there safely during his exile).

Why did Ireland support Simnel?

♥ A Yorkist stronghold - Edward IV's father had been Lord Lieutenant there, big estates and influence.

♥ Irish Lords eager to destailise England to secure independence (Lord Deputy-Earl of Kildare)

evidence it was a threat to Henry VII

♥ foreign support - Emperor Maximilian and Margaret of Burgundy

♥ Henry shows his insecurity by offering to pardon rebels if they abandon their plans

♥ Lincoln and Lovell killed - significant as he did want Lincoln alive so he could find out who else in his Court supported him, must have been quite threatened.

♥ two wings of Henry VII's army held back

♥ 2 years after Bosworth a 'pretender' could threaten his throne

Evidence it wasn't a threat to Henry VII

♥ Storey descried Stoke as the "last battle in the Wars of the Roses"

♥ Lack of support when rebels arrived - people didn't want further war

♥ Brave in battle

♥ Woodvilles destroyed as a political force after Stoke - Henry had the excuse to seize their lands

♥ Simnel humiliated rather than turned into a martyr - masterful handling - died in 1534 aged 57.

♥ Relations improved between Henry and Maximillian after - Jan 1488 treaty- shows diplomatic recognition

Who was Perkin Warbeck? (1492-99

♥ persuaded by Margaret of Burgundy to impersonate Richard of York (Edward IV's younger son)

♥ supporters viewed him as great way of overthrowing Henry VII, probably then planned to discard Warbeck and make the Earl of Warwick (George's son - in the Tower) king (controllable)

Who supported Warbeck and why?

♥ much wider base of support than Simnel

♥ In England - Sir William Stanley secretly supporting the plot

♥ Margaret of Burgundy and Maximilian support him

♥ King of France (Charles VIII) and King of Scotland (James IV) support him

♥ Isabella of Spain refuses to allow her daughter Isabella to marry Prince Arthur (Henry's son?) until the threat is dealt with

Outline of Events for Warbeck

♥ 1492 - Warbeck recognised as "Richard IV" in France. Henry VII signs Treaty of Etaples with Charles VIII, which forces Warbeck to seek a new refuge.

♥ 1493 - Warbeck recognised in Burgundy. HVII imposes trade sanctions

♥ 1494 - Warbeck recognised by Emperor Maximilian - promises him the throne next

♥ 1495 - Warbeck recognised by James IV of Scotland; Henry's spies reveal Sir William Stanley as a traitor and he is executed

♥ 1496 - Warbeck launches an invasion from Scotland - fails when northern nobles and the commons remained loyal to Henry VII

♥ 1497 - James IV bought off by the Truce of Ayton. Warbeck followers turn up in Cornwall, amidst a tax rebellion, but gets little support and eventually surrenders to Henry's troops. He is forced to publicly admit his deception, and is then put into the stocks before being thrown into prison.

♥1498 - Warbeck escapes prison, recaptured; Henry plants spy into the Tower (Robert Cleymond) who persuades both Warwick and Warbeck to join him in an escape plan

♥ 1499 - Henry has them both arrested + executed

Why was Warbeck a significant threat?

♥ Impacted upon government - Henry created Privy Chamber (as his own Lord Chamberlain was involved in the plot). Impacted on his relations with the nobility - suspicion/financial focus.

♥ Impacted foreign relations - e.g. forced Henry into trade embargo w/ Burgundy (damaging for England, encouraged Scotland to attack England, which nearly caused a major war)

♥ Impacted upon social problems within England - caused uprising in the South (Cornish rebellion 1497)

♥ Impact upon dynastic security - put Arthur's marriage to Catherine in doubt

♥ Warbeck married into royalty

♥ lasted 10 years + fact that Warwick and Warbeck were executed shows Henry's fears.

Why the threat of Warbeck wasn't too great

♥ Henry VII clearly stronger than in 1486/7 - acts decisively and withstands a pretender who had considerable foreign help, even when it coincided with a tax rebellion at home

♥ Domestically - Warwick has finally been eliminated, as has Sir William Stanley (secretly supported Warbeck/plot)

♥ Internationally - Henry forged relations w/ France, Ireland and Scotland in the heat of the crisis

♥ Henry's network of spies uncovered the plot in his own court

♥ When Warbeck arrived in 1497 the gentry and nobles remained loyal to Henry

Who were Edmund de la Pole (Earl of Suffolk) and Richard de la Pole (the 'White rose')? Why did they rebel?

♥ Nephews of the Yorkist Kings

♥ John de la Pole their elder brother had been killed at the Battle of Stoke

♥ Henry punished Edmund for his brother's role in the rebellion by asking him to pay £5000 to inherit his father's land and preventing him from inheriting his ducal title

♥ 1499 - Suffolk killed a man due to appear before the King's court and was therefore called before an ordinary court rather than one of his peers. He fled to Burgundy. Henry used diplomacy to seek his return and he returned later that year.

Key events (de la Poles)

♥ 1501 - Edmund fled w/ brother Richard

♥ Henry's position weakened between 1500-03, lost 2 sons (Edmund - 1500, Arthur 1502) and his wife (1503), this gave fresh confidence to the Yorkists, who now put their hope on Edmund de la Pole, who began to call himself the White Rose

♥ Henry has 54 men attained for their implication in the plot - a measure of his fear - Tyrell, William Courtenay

♥ Maximilian promises to help Henry get Edmund back - Henry gives him £10,000 but Maximilian doesn't expel the de la Poles, they asked for another £250,000 and trade concessions - eventually Henry suspended trade in 1505.

♥ freak shipwreck in 1506 - Maximilian's son Philip of Burgundy is stranded in England with wife Joana forcing them to agree the Treaty of Windsor - which leads to Edmund being returned to England. Philip got a further £138,000 from Henry & a promise not to execute Edmund

♥ Edmund de la Pole stayed in the Tower, when HVIII came to power he had him executed (1513) shows that for a long time the Yorkist's were seen as a threat

♥ Richard de la Pole remained in exile - died in 1525 at Battle of Pavia

Evidence the de la Poles were a threat to Henry VII

♥ foreign support from a powerful backer - Maximilain

♥ Henry's dynastic security was weaker at this stage & he was increasingly angering the nobility

♥ significant expense to Henry VII's finances were a reason why he began to be hated by his nobility - however he needed the money to be secure

♥ number of nobles attained, imprisoned and executed e.g. William de la Pole (a younger brother), Tyrell (in charge of Calais), William de la Courtenay

♥ The Yorkist were still being executed under Henry VII - long-term threat

♥ duration 1501-13 (long time! , sign of weakness?)

Evidence de la Poles weren't a threat

♥ Events in Italy meant European powers didn't fully back Edmund

♥ He was a distant threat

♥ Henry's methods of control ensured threats closer to home were dealt with.

When did Henry feel secure on his throne?

♥ Never!

♥ Only by 1506 all serious threats to his throne eliminated

♥ even after this the security of his dynasty rested on the survival of his only remaining son, Prince Henry