a&p II lab practical

FRONT: What is the main function of the heart?

BACK: Provides the pumping force that propels blood through the blood vessels.

FRONT: How many chambers does the human heart have?

BACK: 4 chambers.

FRONT: What does the separation of the 4 heart chambers provide?

BACK: A complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

FRONT: What is the coronary circuit?

BACK: The smallest vascular circuit; it supplies blood to the heart itself.

FRONT: What does the pulmonary circuit do?

BACK: Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and then returns the blood to the heart.

FRONT: What does the systemic circuit do?

BACK: Carries oxygenated blood to all the remaining body tissues.

FRONT: What do arteries do?

BACK: Carry blood away from the heart.

FRONT: Where do arteries exit the heart?

BACK: From the right and left ventricles.

FRONT: What do veins do?

BACK: Return blood to the atria of the heart.

FRONT: What is the general oxygenation rule for arteries and veins?

BACK: Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins generally carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.

FRONT: What is the exception to the general oxygenation rule?

BACK: The pulmonary circuit.

FRONT: What do pulmonary veins carry?

BACK: Oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.

FRONT: What do pulmonary arteries carry?

BACK: Deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

FRONT: What do red vessels usually represent on heart models/pictures?

BACK: Systemic arteries carrying oxygenated blood to body tissues.

FRONT: What do blue vessels usually represent?

BACK: Systemic veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart.

FRONT: What are the two main points of the heart's surface?

BACK: Base and apex.

FRONT: What are the atria?

BACK: The left and right upper chambers of the heart.

FRONT: What are auricles?

BACK: The left and right atria/auricles.

FRONT: What are the ventricles?

BACK: The left and right lower chambers of the heart.

FRONT: What is the anterior interventricular sulcus?

BACK: A groove on the anterior surface of the heart between the ventricles.

FRONT: What is the posterior interventricular sulcus?

BACK: A groove on the posterior surface of the heart between the ventricles.

FRONT: What is the coronary sulcus?

BACK: A groove around the heart separating the atria from the ventricles.

FRONT: What is the pulmonary trunk?

BACK: A major vessel connecting the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

FRONT: What do the pulmonary arteries do?

BACK: Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

FRONT: What are the three major sections of the aorta that should be identified?

BACK: Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta.

FRONT: What are the three major vessels on the aortic arch?

BACK: Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

FRONT: What does the superior vena cava do?

BACK: Returns blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.

FRONT: What does the inferior vena cava do?

BACK: Returns blood to the heart from the lower part of the body.

FRONT: What do pulmonary veins do?

BACK: Carry oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.

FRONT: What are the two main coronary arteries?

BACK: Left coronary artery and right coronary artery.

FRONT: What is another name for the anterior interventricular artery?

BACK: Left anterior descending artery (LAD).

FRONT: What is another name for the posterior interventricular artery?

BACK: Posterior descending artery.

FRONT: What are the marginal arteries?

BACK: Left and right marginal arteries.

FRONT: What is the circumflex artery?

BACK: A coronary artery that should be identified as part of the coronary vessels.

FRONT: What is the coronary sinus?

BACK: A major vessel that collects venous blood from the heart.

FRONT: What are the three cardiac veins listed in the notes?

BACK: Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein.

FRONT: Which artery is also called the LAD?

BACK: Anterior interventricular artery.

FRONT: Which artery is also called the posterior descending artery?

BACK: Posterior interventricular artery.

FRONT: What four chambers should you be able to identify internally?

BACK: Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.

FRONT: What separates the right and left ventricles?

BACK: Interventricular septum.

FRONT: What are the two atrioventricular valves?

BACK: Tricuspid valve and bicuspid (mitral) valve.

FRONT: What other name is given to the bicuspid valve?

BACK: Mitral valve.

FRONT: What structures attach to the AV valves?

BACK: Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

FRONT: Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

BACK: At the base of the pulmonary trunk.

FRONT: Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

BACK: At the base of the aorta.

FRONT: What is the opening of the coronary sinus?

BACK: The opening where the coronary sinus enters the heart.

FRONT: What is the myocardium?

BACK: The muscular tissue of the heart.

FRONT: Where are pectinate muscles found?

BACK: In the atria.

FRONT: What are trabeculae carneae?

BACK: Internal muscular ridges of the ventricles.

FRONT: What is the moderator band?

BACK: An internal structure of the heart found in the ventricle.

FRONT: What is the fossa ovalis?

BACK: An internal structure located in the atrial septum.

FRONT: What is the conus arteriosus?

BACK: The outflow region of the right ventricle leading toward the pulmonary trunk.

FRONT: What are the two types of heart valves?

BACK: Atrioventricular/cuspid valves and semilunar valves.

FRONT: What are the two AV/cuspid valves?

BACK: Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid).

FRONT: What are the two semilunar valves?

BACK: Pulmonary and aortic.

FRONT: What does the tricuspid valve separate?

BACK: The right atrium and right ventricle.

FRONT: What does the mitral/bicuspid valve separate?

BACK: The left atrium and left ventricle.

FRONT: How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

BACK: Three.

FRONT: How many cusps does the bicuspid valve have?

BACK: Two.

FRONT: Why are the AV valves also called cuspid valves?

BACK: They have cusps/flaps that open in one direction.

FRONT: What is the main function of the heart valves?

BACK: Prevent backflow and ensure blood flows in only one direction.

FRONT: Where are the AV valves located?

BACK: Between the atrium and ventricle chambers on each side of the heart.

FRONT: Where are the semilunar valves located?

BACK: At the base of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

FRONT: What happens to the AV valves when the ventricles contract?

BACK: They are closed.

FRONT: What happens to the semilunar valves when the ventricles contract?

BACK: They are open.

FRONT: What attaches the left AV valve to the heart?

BACK: Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

FRONT: What is the purpose of the heart's specialized conducting cells?

BACK: They relay electrical charges through the heart.

FRONT: Where are electrical impulses typically initiated?

BACK: At the sino-atrial node (SA node).

FRONT: Where is the SA node located?

BACK: In the rear wall of the right atrium.

FRONT: What is another name for the SA node?

BACK: Sino-atrial node.

FRONT: What is the SA node's role?

BACK: It typically initiates the electrical impulses of the heart.

FRONT: How does the impulse travel from the SA node to the AV node?

BACK: Through the atria by internodal pathways (intermodal fibers).

FRONT: Where is the AV node located?

BACK: At the floor of the right atrium.

FRONT: What does the impulse do after reaching the AV node?

BACK: It travels into the common AV bundle (Bundle of His).

FRONT: What is another name for the common AV bundle?

BACK: Bundle of His.

FRONT: Where does the Bundle of His extend?

BACK: Down the interventricular septum.

FRONT: What does the AV bundle split into?

BACK: Right and left bundle branches.

FRONT: Where do the right and left bundle branches travel?

BACK: Down the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart.

FRONT: What happens to the bundle branches at the apex?

BACK: They divide into finer Purkinje fibers.

FRONT: What do Purkinje fibers do?

BACK: Carry the depolarization up the walls of the ventricles.

FRONT: What is the correct order of the cardiac conduction pathway?

BACK: SA node → internodal pathways → AV node → Bundle of His → right and left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.

FRONT: What happens because of the rapid conduction of electrical charges?

BACK: Cardiac cells contract as a syncytium, a coordinated group of cells.

FRONT: What is a syncytium?

BACK: A coordinated group of cells that efficiently pumps blood through the system.

FRONT: What does an ECG/EKG measure?

BACK: Electrical charges powerful enough to transmit through the body and be detected by electrodes attached to the skin.

FRONT: What does the P wave represent?

BACK: Atrial depolarization.

FRONT: What does the QRS complex represent?

BACK: Ventricular depolarization.

FRONT: What does the T wave represent?

BACK: Repolarization of the ventricles.

FRONT: What does the P-R interval represent?

BACK: The length of time it takes for the impulse from the SA node to travel to the ventricles.

FRONT: Where does the P-R interval begin?

BACK: At the beginning of the P wave.

FRONT: Where does the P-R interval end?

BACK: At the start of the QRS complex.

FRONT: What happens during the Q-T interval.

BACK: The ventricles go through an entire cycle of depolarization and repolarization.

FRONT: Where does the Q-T interval begin?

BACK: At the end of the P-R interval.

FRONT: Where does the Q-T interval end?

BACK: At the end of the T wave.

FRONT: What does ventricular systole mean?

BACK: Ventricular contraction.

FRONT: When does ventricular systole begin?

BACK: At the peak of the R wave.

FRONT: When does ventricular systole end?

BACK: At the end of the T wave.

FRONT: What does ventricular diastole mean?

BACK: Ventricular relaxation.

FRONT: When does ventricular diastole begin?

BACK: At the end of the T wave.

FRONT: When does ventricular diastole end?

BACK: At the next R wave peak.

FRONT: How can you measure one complete cardiac cycle on an ECG?

BACK: Measure the time between two successive R waves.