PSY333 Exam 1

What is (Ab)normal Psychology?

A) The study of how people learn through conditioning and reinforcement

B) The field of psychology focused exclusively on diagnosing personality disorders

C) Being different from normal

D) The study of how the brain processes emotional information

C) Being different from normal

Some individuals may have tattoos, piercings, think of it as mentally/physically wrong, or social, religious, or political views of others. How might these be interpreted?

A) These are all definitive signs of a psychological disorder that require immediate treatment

B) These are examples of how people may be labeled as "abnormal" based on appearance or beliefs rather than actual psychological dysfunction

C) These are behaviors that are scientifically proven to cause mental illness

·D) These are all protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act as mental health conditions

B) These are examples of how people may be labeled as "abnormal" based on appearance or beliefs rather than actual psychological dysfunction

What is Psychopathology?

A) The study of how culture shapes moral values

B) The study of how memories are formed and retrieved

C) The study of how people make economic decisions

D) Illness of the mind

D) Illness of the mind

How might we define something as “Psychopathology”?

A) Intelligence, creativity, resilience, and social support

B) Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger, and cultural relativity

C) Happiness, success, wealth, and physical health

D) Memory, attention, perception, and language

B) Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger, and cultural relativity

What might be an inappropriate behavior be?

A) Likely one that others find uncomfortable, which can depend greatly on context

B) A behavior that causes physical harm to oneself

C) A behavior that is considered rude in all situations

D) Any behavior that goes against religious teachings

A) Likely one that others find uncomfortable, which can depend greatly on context

Who defines culturally appropriate behavior?

A) Scientists and researchers

B) The legal system and courts

C) Us or ideological beliefs (Ex. Nazism), and Homosexuality

D) Parents and teachers

C) Us or ideological beliefs (Ex. Nazism), and Homosexuality

What is Deviance when defining something as Psychopathology?

· A) Behavior that causes significant distress to the individual experiencing it

· B) Behavior that prevents an individual from functioning in daily life

· C) Behavior that poses a threat to oneself or others

· D) Likely one that others find uncomfortable, which can depend greatly on context

· D) Likely one that others find uncomfortable, which can depend greatly on context

What is Distress when defining something as Psychopathology?

· A) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual in a given context

· B) Emotional or internal experience that is distressing to the individual, but cannot be directly observed by others

· C) Behavior that prevents an individual from functioning in daily life

· D) Behavior that poses a threat to oneself or others

· B) Emotional or internal experience that is distressing to the individual, but cannot be directly observed by others

What is Dyfuction when defining something as Psychopathology?

· A) An inability to function adequately in educational, occupational, familial, and other social roles

· B) Emotional or internal experience that is distressing to the individual but cannot be directly observed by others

· C) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual, which can depend greatly on context

· D) Behavior that poses a threat to oneself or others

· A) An inability to function adequately in educational, occupational, familial, and other social roles

What is Danger when defining something as Psychopathology?

· A) An inability to function adequately in educational, occupational, familial, and other social roles

· B) Emotional or internal experience that is distressing to the individual, but cannot be directly observed by others

· C) An abnormal behavior may make someone dangerous to themselves or others

· D) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual, which can depend greatly on context

· C) An abnormal behavior may make someone dangerous to themselves or others

Mental Disorder is what?

· A) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual in a given context

· B) Emotional or internal experience that is distressing to the individual but cannot be directly observed by others

· C) A clinically significant syndrome, reflecting a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes

· D) An abnormal behavior that may make someone dangerous to themselves or others

· C) A clinically significant syndrome, reflecting a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes

With having a mental disorder it usual involves what?

· A) A clinically significant syndrome reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes

· B) Disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior; significant personal distress; disability; and impairment in social, occupational, or other important activities

· C) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual, which can depend greatly on context

· D) An abnormal behavior that may make someone dangerous to themselves or others

· B) Disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior; significant personal distress; disability; and impairment in social, occupational, or other important activities

Excluded means what?

· A) Culturally appropriate responses, atypical political, religious, or sexual behaviors; conflicts between individuals and society

· B) Disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that causes significant personal distress and disability

· C) A clinically significant syndrome reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes

· D) Behavior that others find uncomfortable or unusual, which can depend greatly on context

· A) Culturally appropriate responses, atypical political, religious, or sexual behaviors; conflicts between individuals and society

What is the importance of person-first language?21

· A) It allows clinicians to diagnose disorders more accurately

· B) It helps researchers classify participants into diagnostic categories

· C) We no longer say "schizophrenic" but rather say "person with schizophrenia"

· D) It ensures that only medical professionals can discuss mental health conditions

· C) We no longer say "schizophrenic" but rather say "person with schizophrenia"

The importance of identity-first language is…

· A) The autism advocacy community has emphasized the empowering nature of identity-first language, such as "autistic person"

· B) We no longer say "schizophrenic" but rather say "person with schizophrenia"

· C) It allows clinicians to diagnose disorders more accurately

· D) It ensures that all mental disorders are treated with medication

A) The autism advocacy community has emphasized the empowering nature of identity-first language, such as "autistic person"

What are the conditions of positive mental health?

· A) The absence of any psychological disorder or dysfunction

· B) The ability to function adequately in social and occupational roles

· C) Focuses on life fulfillment and happiness

· D) The presence of strong coping mechanisms for stress

· C) Focuses on life fulfillment and happiness

What are the concepts of happiness?

· A) Eudaemonic wellbeing and Hedonic wellbeing

· B) Life fulfillment and life satisfaction

· C) Positive affect and negative affect

· D) Subjective wellbeing and objective wellbeing

A) Eudaemonic wellbeing and Hedonic wellbeing

How common might mental health disorders be in the general population?

· A) 10% of adults within a 12 month prevalence

· B) 21% of adults within a 12 month prevalence

· C) 35% of adults within a 12 month prevalence

· D) 50% of adults within a 12 month prevalence

B) 21% of adults within a 12 month prevalence

Case studies:

• A) The assessment and description of a large group of individuals to find common patterns

• B) The assessment and description of multiple individuals to compare symptoms across cases

• C) The assessment and description of a single individual, including symptoms, environment, and personal history of this individual

• D) The assessment and description of a population to determine prevalence rates

• C) The assessment and description of a single individual, including symptoms, environment, and personal history of this individual

What is a pro and con of Case studies?

• A) Helpful for describing a possible condition, but the findings of a single case may not be representative of other individuals with that condition

• B) Helpful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships, but they require large sample sizes

• C) Helpful for generalizing findings to the entire population, but they are expensive to conduct

• D) Helpful for testing hypotheses, but they cannot be used to describe rare conditions

• A) Helpful for describing a possible condition, but the findings of a single case may not be representative of other individuals with that condition

Epidemiological Research:

• A) Examines the effectiveness of specific treatments for mental health disorders in controlled settings

• B) Examines the prevalence of different mental health disorders in different populations and how the prevalence may differ based on relevant variables like race, ethnicity, and region

• C) Examines the genetic basis of mental health disorders through family and twin studies

• D) Examines the biological mechanisms underlying mental health disorders using brain imaging techniques

• B) Examines the prevalence of different mental health disorders in different populations and how the prevalence may differ based on relevant variables like race, ethnicity, and region

Correlational research:

• A) Correlations look at the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

• B) Correlations look at the difference between two groups on a single variable

• C) Correlations look at the association between 2 variables

• D) Correlations look at the prevalence of a variable in a population

• C) Correlations look at the association between 2 variables

Experimental Research:

• A) A research method that examines the prevalence of mental health disorders in different populations

• B) A research method that looks at the association between two variables without manipulation

• C) A research method that involves the in-depth study of a single individual

• D) Many psychologists and psychiatrists engage in the treatment of mental health conditions, often through psychotherapy or psychopharmacology

• D) Many psychologists and psychiatrists engage in the treatment of mental health conditions, often through psychotherapy or psychopharmacology

How are treatments evaluated through Experimental Designs?

• A) By observing patients in their natural environments without any intervention

• B) By conducting surveys to gather patient opinions about their treatment

• C) With a group in an experimental condition and a group in a control condition (double blind design and placebo effects)

• D) By reviewing case studies of individual patients who received treatment

• C) With a group in an experimental condition and a group in a control condition (double blind design and placebo effects)

Psychodynamic Theory:

• Part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories

• B) The study of observable behavior and how it is shaped by the environment

• C) The theory that all behavior is determined by genetic and biological factors

• D) The belief that mental disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain

• Part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories

What are the 3 components of the mind?

• A) Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious

• B) Id: Instinctual impulses, Ego: Mediates between Id impulses and external reality, Superego: Internalized representation of parental or cultural values

• C) Biological, Psychological, and Social components

• D) Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral components

• B) Id: Instinctual impulses, Ego: Mediates between Id impulses and external reality, Superego: Internalized representation of parental or cultural values

What are the stages of Psychosexual development?

• A) Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

• B) Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority

• C) Id, Ego, Superego

• D) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

• D) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Fixation:

• A) Disrupted maturation of the psyche, leading to a patient being "stuck" in an early developmental stage

• B) A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are pushed into the unconscious

• C) The process of resolving conflicts between the id and superego

• D) A healthy progression through all psychosexual stages

• A) Disrupted maturation of the psyche, leading to a patient being "stuck" in an early developmental stage

Oral fixation:

• A) Excessive need for order and cleanliness

• B) Excessive drinking or eating

• C) Excessive need for control and power

• D) Excessive preoccupation with rules and schedules

• B) Excessive drinking or eating

Anal retentive:

• A) Excessive messiness and disorganization

• B) Excessive friendliness and sociability

• C) Excessive risk-taking and impulsivity

• D) Excessive control, order

• D) Excessive control, order

Anal expulsive:

• A) Disorganized, emotional outburst

• B) Excessive control, order

• C) Excessive cleanliness, perfectionism

• D) Excessive generosity, altruism

• A) Disorganized, emotional outburst

Regression:

• A) A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are pushed into the unconscious

• B) The process of identifying with the same-sex parent to resolve conflict

• C) In life stress, a person may "regress" back to a stage where they were partially fixated to cope

• D) The healthy progression through all psychosexual stages without disruption

• C) In life stress, a person may "regress" back to a stage where they were partially fixated to cope

Defense mechanisms:

• A) A strategy to confront anxiety-arousing experiences directly

• B) A strategy to enhance personal growth and self-awareness

• C) A strategy to resolve unconscious conflicts permanently

• D) A strategy to avoid anxiety-arousing experiences

• D) A strategy to avoid anxiety-arousing experiences

Repression:

• A) An anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is confronted and resolved

• B) An anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is expressed openly and directly

• C) An anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is prevented from becoming conscious

• D) An anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is rationalized to reduce its impact

• C) An anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is prevented from becoming conscious

Displacement:

• A) Shifts a reaction to a more appropriate target, such as expressing anger directly to the person who caused it

• B) Shifts a reaction from the original target to another, such as anger toward spouse rather than coworkers

• C) Shifts a reaction to an imaginary target, such as daydreaming about confronting a boss

• D) Shifts a reaction to a neutral target, such as ignoring the source of frustration

• B) Shifts a reaction from the original target to another, such as anger toward spouse rather than coworkers

Projection:

• A) Accepting one's own impulses and taking responsibility for them

• B) Denying one's own impulses and ignoring them completely

• C) Expressing one's own impulses openly and directly

• D) Disowning one's own impulse and attributing it to another person

• D) Disowning one's own impulse and attributing it to another person

Intellectualization:

• A) Expressing emotional reactions openly and without restraint

• B) Repressing emotional reactions in favor of logical response to a problem

• C) Ignoring both emotional and logical responses to a problem

• D) Balancing emotional and logical responses equally

• B) Repressing emotional reactions in favor of logical response to a problem

Sublimation:

• A) Redirecting sexual instincts towards socially acceptable activities

• B) Repressing sexual instincts entirely from conscious awareness

• C) Expressing sexual instincts openly and without restraint

• D) Denying the existence of sexual instincts altogether

• A) Redirecting sexual instincts towards socially acceptable activities