Anatomy Lab Quiz #3

levels of structural organization

1. atoms

2. molecules

3. cells

4. tissues

5. organs

6. organ system

7. organism

tissues

cells working together

organs

tissues working together to perform a function

organ system

series of organs that have a similar job

cell

basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

mitochondria

site of ATP synthesis

ribosome

sites of protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

modify proteins after they are made and transports them to golgi and other sites

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs, glycogen breakdown

golgi apparatus

protein sorting

lysosome

contains hydrolases that digest intracellular debris; garbage disposal of the cell

peroxisome

oxidation of fatty acids, a major source of metabolic energy; synthesis of cholesterol/bile

endocytic vesicle/endosome

used for transport into the cell, endocytosis

plasma membrane

comprised of a phospholipid bilayer ad functions in selective/permeability to regulate passage of materials into and out of the cell

nucleus

store and protect cell’s genetic material and act as control center for cellular activities; transcription site

nucleolus

synthesizes rRNA and assembles them into ribosomes for protein production

Centriole

organize the mitotic spindle during cell division and form basal bodies for cilia and flagella

cell membrane

protective, selective permeable barrier that separates inside of cell from outside environment while regulating transport of materials entering and exiting

which part is hydrophilic and which part is hydrophobic

head - hydrophilic

tail - hydrophobic

cell membrane is mostly made up of

lipids (rest is made up of proteins)

phagocytosis

cellular “eating”

pinocytosis

cellular “drinking”

cellular extensions

protruding parts of a cell used for either motility or to increase surface area (ex. cilia, microvilli, flagella)

reverse transcription

creating a double stranded DNA molecule from RNA copy (HIV and HepB do this)

transcription

DNA information is encoded in mRNA in the nucleus

translation

mRNA’s information is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides in the cytosol

substitutions

point mutations (a single letter)

silent

codes for the same AA

missense

codes for a different AA

nonsense

codes for an early stop (shortened protein)

AUG

start

UAA

stop

UAG

stop

UGA

stop

mRNA

messenger

rRNA

ribosomal

tRNA

transfer

protein structure

basic structural material of the body

protein functions

structural framework, movement, catalysis, transport, regulation, body defense

protein structure layers

1. primary structure

2. secondary structure

3. tertiary structure

4. quaternary structure

DNA is found

within the nucleus of a cell

DNA functions

contains genetic material; directs protein synthesis; replicated itself before cellular division

eukaryotic cell cycle

• interphase

• mitosis

• G0

interphase

• G1

• S

• G2

Mitosis

• prophase

• metaphase

• anaphase

• telophase

G1

first gap phase; growth and normal metabolic roles

S

synthesis phase; DNA replication

G2

second gap phase; growth and preparation for mitosis

Prophase

chromosomes shorten and thicken; spindle fibers appear; centriole migration

metaphase

chromosomes lined up on equator waiting for signal to split at the centromere

anaphase

centromere division and sister chromatids pulled to ends

telophase

end of nuclear division

cytokinesis

cytoplasmic division into cells

G0

dormant state where a cell stops dividing and exits the active cell cycle (ex. cancerous cells)

which part of the cell cycle is not included in interphase

mitosis

where do most mutations occur in the cell cycle

S phase/Synthesis

what is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

cytoplasm includes organelles and cytosol is just the liquid

how many hydrogen bonds exist between cytosine and guanine

3

which two DNA nucleotides are purines

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

which phase of mitosis is marked by the end of “nuclear” division

telophase

why are the 20 amino acids from our list considered “essential”?

must be consumed

what is the total magnification when using 100x ocular?

1000x

where in the cell would you find rRNA?

cytoplasm

where in the cell does transcription occur?

nucleus

lysosomes pinch off from which other organelle?

golgi apparatus

what are cristae and why do they exist?

inner folds of the mitochondria that increase surface area and ATP production

1

nuclear envelope

2

nucleus

3

plasma membrane

4

rough ER

5

ribosome

6

golgi apparatus

7

secretion being released from cell through exocytosis

8

peroxisome

9

chromatin

10

nucleolus

11

smooth ER

12

cytosol

13

mitochondria

14

lysosome

15

centrioles

16

centrosome matrix

17

microtubule

18

intermediate filaments

primary protein structure

series of linear amino acids forming a polypeptide chain using peptide bonds for attachment

secondary protein structure

regular, local structure of the protein backbone and is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

completed 3-dimensional unit that forms a compact globular molecule as the R-groups of subsequent amino acids react to one another and cause the folding of one singular chain

quaternary structure

more complex proteins structures with 2 or more polypeptide chains interacting

1

nucleus

2

nuclear envelope

3

nuclear pore

4

chromatin (DNA)

5

nucleolus

6 (in white)

rough ER (w/ribosomes)

7 (in white)

smooth ER

8

mitochondria

9

golgi apparatus

10

cytosol/cytoplasm

11

centrioles

12

lysosomes