Politics, Governance, and Power Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts of politics, governance, power, and major political ideologies with specific focus on Philippine context and historical events.

Politics

The process through which groups make collective decisions about "who gets what, when, and how."

Governance

The broader process of decision-making and implementation that involves multiple actors including government, NGOs, the private sector, and citizens.

Power

The ability to achieve a desired outcome or influence the behavior of others.

Shared Governance

A system where governing is a shared responsibility between elected officials and citizens rather than the sole responsibility of the former.

Bayanihan

A Filipino tradition of community cooperation where people come together without a single authority directing the effort.

Kapwa

A core Filipino value meaning "shared identity," which serves as the foundation for collective political action.

Utang na Loob

A "debt of gratitude" that influences how Filipinos relate to authority, characterized by Jose Abueva as a cultural value shaping political relations.

Red-Tagging

The labeling of activists, journalists, and community organizers as communists or terrorists without evidence, used as a tool of political repression in the Philippines.

Political Ideology

A coherent set of beliefs about the role of government, the distribution of resources, individual rights, and social order.

Liberalism

An ideology that prioritizes individual freedom and equal rights, protecting civil liberties within a market economy.

Conservatism

An ideology emphasizing tradition, stability, and gradual change while preserving existing social institutions and order.

Socialism

An ideology that seeks to reduce social inequality through public services, high taxation, and redistribution of wealth within a democratic framework.

Communism

An ideology aiming for a classless society with state-controlled production and public ownership of all means of production; often requiring revolutionary change.

Fascism

A dictatorial ideology characterized by extreme nationalism, national unity, and a state-directed economy where private ownership is subordinated to the state.

Anarchism

An ideology advocating for the total abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority in favor of voluntary cooperation.

Democratic Socialism

A system featuring free healthcare, education, high taxation, and strong social protection where private businesses operate within a regulated welfare state, as seen in Nordic countries.

Liberal Capitalism

An economic system, like that of the United States, where private individuals and corporations control most businesses with a limited government role.

Mixed Economy

A system, such as in the Philippines, that combines public and private sectors where the government regulates key services while the private sector drives most industries.

Soverignty in the 1987 Philippine Constitution

As stated in Article II, Section $1$, sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

RA 7160 (Local Government Code, 1991)

A law that transferred powers from national to local governments and mandated representation of civil society organizations in local development councils.

Sangguniang Kabataan (SK)

A formal role in local decision-making for Filipino youth aged $15-24$.

Power TO

Defined by Heywood as the ability to act.

Power OVER

Defined by Heywood as the ability to control others.

Legitimate Power

Compliance that occurs because the person in power is recognized as having rightful authority.

Coercive Power

Compliance motivated by the desire to avoid punishment.

Expert Power

Compliance based on trust in an individual's knowledge or specialized skills.

Referent Power

Compliance based on admiration for or identification with a leader.

Compliance ( Yukl's Consequence of Power )

Going along without full belief; following because one has to, such as jeepney drivers complying with modernization despite personal disagreement.

Commitment ( Yukl's Consequence of Power )

Genuine agreement and internalization of a cause or order.

Resistance ( Yukl's Consequence of Power )

Active opposition or passive noncompliance, such as transport groups staging protests.

Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere

A liberal nationalist document that challenged colonial authority using the language of individual rights and national sovereignty.

Huk Rebellion ($1940s-1950s$)

An ideologically socialist movement that mobilized landless peasants against economic inequality and landlord power.

Marcos Martial Law ($1972-1986$)

An ideologically authoritarian nationalist period that exhibited significant fascist characteristics including the suppression of democratic rights.

EDSA $1986$

A liberal democratic response that reasserted constitutional rights, civil liberties, and people's sovereignty against authoritarian rule.

Ideological Literacy

The ability of voters to evaluate the ideology behind policies rather than relying on party labels, which is critical in the personality-based political system of the Philippines.

Rule of Law

An indicator of good governance where legal frameworks are enforced impartially, such as the Ombudsman investigating a mayor for misuse of funds.