NUTR2101 SAQs

What are some examples of nutrient dense / energy poor foods?

What are some examples of nutrient dense /energy dense foods

What are some examples of nutrient poor /energy dense foods

One serve of cooked chicken thigh (80 g) provides 586 kJ, 19.4 g protein and 0.72 mg iron. One serve of peanut butter (30 g) provides 790 kJ, 7.3 g protein and 0.52 mg iron.

1. Which is more energy dense?

2. Which is more nutrient dense?

Name the proteins that store iron.

Name the protein(s) that convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ at brush border of enterocytes for absorption.

Name the protein(s) that converts Fe2+ to Fe3+ in the blood circulation, for transport.

Name the protein(s) that transports iron to tissues

Define “essentiality” in regards to micronutrients

Outline the main difference between water and fat-soluble vitamins in terms of digestion, absorption and toxicity

Describe the types of claims that can be made on food packaging? What is the general regulation for these claims?

What are the factors that may reduce the concentration of minerals in crops?

What are the factors interfering with the availability of minerals for absorption?

What is meant by nutrient density? How can the nutrient density of a food be evaluated?

Samara is a 32-year-old office worker from African heritage who lives in northern England with long, dark winters. She has been following a vegan diet for the past 3 years for environmental sustainability reasons. She attends her GP for a routine medical examination, and her doctor finds that she has low levels of vitamin D. What are the factors that might have contributed to Samara’s vitamin D deficiency?

On what basis are vitamins considered essential nutrients? Are there any exceptions? Explain your answer

What is a co-substrate? Describe an example to illustrate the definition.

Tom is 67 years old. He has been drinking alcohol daily quite heavily since he was a young man. These days he finds that his appetite for food has declined, but not for alcoholic beverages, which provide the bulk of his daily energy intake. Describe how this is likely affecting his vitamin status and overall health.

How is niacin found in food? What can be done to make it more bioavailable for absorption?

Why does a vitamin b6 deficiency lead to a microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

Why is it better to consume a riboflavin supplement with food?

Why are paper and opaque plastic containers used for dairy milk and dairy milk products?

Why is the RDI for niacin expressed in ‘niacin equivalents’?

Discuss the roles of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid in energy metabolism

Why can it be quite easy to reach a dose of vitamin b6 equal to the upper level dose?

Describe the absorption pathway of cobalamin in either bullet points or a flow diagram, and list the key factors involved in this process.

Explain the difference between co-enzymes and co-factors in terms of their structures and roles.

Describe the mechanism by which vitamin C is involved in the formation of strong collagen?

Why is folic acid more bioavailable than folate?

Explain how folate and cobalamin interact to activate each other into the bioactive form.

Why is the NRV for folate expressed as “dietary folate equivalent” (DFE)?

Considering all the vitamins we have studied so far, explain why and how the nutritional status of a pregnant woman following a vegan diet requires careful consideration.

What lipid soluble vitamins are at definite risk in a vegan diet, and why?

What water soluble vitamin may be at risk in a vegan diet, and why?

What is meant by “ascorbic acid is a non-specific reducing agent”?

Explain why folate and cobalamin are tightly linked in metabolism

Explain why ascorbic acid is added to products that claim to increase collagen production? Why?

Explain the pathways of vitamin b12 absorption, and the possible reason for cobalamin deficiency

Explain what the UL for folate is based on

How are phosphorus, calcium and magnesium involved in bone health specifically?

From least to most significant input, what are the sources of sodium in the diet?

What are 4 factors that can interfere with mineral bioavailability and absorption?

Explain why dairy sources of calcium are generally recommended over plant sources

What are 6 nutrients you have studied thus far that are involved in good bone health?

Describe the mechanisms involved in maintaining blood calcium homeostasis when blood calcium levels drop.

Describe the mechanisms involved in maintaining blood calcium homeostasis when blood calcium levels rise to excess

What are the nutritional characteristics of a high potassium diet.

What are the nutritional characteristics of a high sodium diet.

Compare the nutritional composition (foods, diet quality, nutrients, energy) of typical high potassium versus high sodium diets

Explain why salt intake may be an issue for people at risk of hypertension

What are the factors involved in the bioavailability of calcium in food

Describe the sequence in the development of a goitre in iodine deficiency.

Why does a selenium deficiency result in poor iodine function?

What is the role of metallothionein?

How do body cells show that they need more iron?

Outline the nutrients that you would expect to find in an antioxidant supplement, and why?

Based on all food constituents studied so far, list the nutrients you think are at risk of becoming deficient in a vegan diet consumer who is not aware of variations in bioavailability of nutrients in different food sources.

Explain where iron is found in food, and in what form.

Why is iron in plant products less bioavailable?

What are the dietary recommendations you give to a vegan consumer about trace minerals?

Describe the concept of the mucosal block in the context of trace minerals

What are the trace minerals at risk in the context of chronic excess alcohol consumption?

What is a rich food source of ferrous iron?

What is a rich food source of ferric iron

The sodium intake in typical Western diets is provided by a variety of sources. What specifically do you recommend to reduce sodium intake significantly in the diet? Explain why this recommendation.

Which carotenoids contribute to eye health?

Peter is taking warfarin to help thin his blood. List foods he should consume in moderation to ensure he doesn't counteract the effect of warfarin and explain why you have chosen these foods.

What are four examples of antioxidant enzymes? Explain their overall role in the antioxidant defence system.

Explain how vitamin K and calcium are involved in blood clotting.

Explain two reasons, besides lack of intake, why cobalamin deficiency is common in elderly.

Why is there concern that folate deficiency can mask cobalamin deficiency?

Other than iodine, what other mineral deficiency may be implicated in thyroid hormone disorder?

Which vitamin interferes with the activity of vitamin K? Explain your answer.

Why is a deficiency of copper associated with iron deficiency?

Which vitamin may lead to death both in deficiency and in toxicity? Why?

Bright yellow urine is usually indicative that one is supplementing with which vitamin?

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that results in the accumulation of which micronutrient?

The two water soluble vitamins that are stored in the liver in significant amount are?

Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of which micronutrient?

What are two food constituents that may inhibit the absorption and availability of minerals in whole foods?

Which vitamin is more biologically potent in its natural compared to its synthetic form?

Why is folic acid more readily absorbed than folate?

What is the biologically active form of vitamin A?

What is a vegetarian food source of preformed vitamin A?

What is a vegetarian food source of provitamin A?

Why are cells which have a short life span most sensitive to a deficiency of folate?

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia is characteristic of the deficiency of which 3 nutrients?

Which three water soluble vitamins participate in oxidation-reduction reactions?

Which micronutrients are transported by chylomicrons?

Which micronutrients are involved in alcohol metabolism?

What is the AI for vitamin E expressed as? Explain your answer

Which micronutrients contribute to homocysteine metabolism?

Which form of selenium forms as the biologically active form?

Which micronutrients are involved in the formation of strong collagen?

Which micronutrient act as an anti-coagulant? Explain your answer.

What is the sequence of events that results in cobalamin absorption?

Which micronutrient is involved in folate digestion?

What is the difference between vitamin D2 and D3?

What is the active form of vitamin K in the gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues?

What is the sequence of events followed by iron from intake to transport through the circulation.

What is the role of thiamine in the pentose phosphate pathway?