intro to bio lectures week 2

Polar covalent bond

Example: H2O, where oxygen has higher electronegativity and ends up with a partial negative charge.

Protons and neutrons

Go into the nucleus.

Gain an electron

Results in a negative charge.

Lose an electron

Results in a positive charge.

Partial negative

Indicates where more electrons spend time.

Importance of Carbon

Found in all living cells, serves as an energy source.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds linked to only hydrogen.

Functional groups

Our bodies have 6 functional groups to provide chemical properties.

Alcohols

One of the 6 functional groups.

Aldehydes

One of the 6 functional groups.

Ketones

One of the 6 functional groups.

Carboxylic acid

One of the 6 functional groups.

Phosphates

One of the 6 functional groups.

Thiols

One of the 6 functional groups.

Carbohydrates

Provide a source of energy, stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

Dehydration synthesis

The process of linking molecules together by removing a molecule of water.

Glycosidic bond

The linkage between the bonds of carbohydrates.

Monosaccharide

1 sugar.

Disaccharide

2 sugars.

Polysaccharide

3 or more sugars.

Hydrolysis

Adds components of a water molecule as covalent bonds are broken.

Lipids

Long term source of energy, nonpolar and made of hydrocarbons.

Triglycerides

Formed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains.

Proteins

Perform many vital functions in living organisms.

Amino Acid

A central carbon atom attached to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.

Peptide bond

Linking amino acids together.

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules assembled from repeating monomers called nucleotides.

DNA

Stores hereditary information responsible for inherited traits.

RNA

The hereditary molecule involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

Three parts linked together by covalent bonds.

Nitrogenous base

Rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Phosphodiester bond

Links nucleotides together.