LINGUISTICS MIDTERM

Phonetics

Speech sounds and their production

Phonology

Sound system and patterns

Morphology

Word formation and structure

Syntax

Sentence structure and word order

Semantics

Meaning in language

Pragmatics

Language use in context

Sociolinguistics

Relation to society and culture

Ferdinand de Saussure

Father of Modern Linguistics

Inintentional Signs

Spoken written words, symbols gestures with agreed meanings

Unintentional signs

Natural indicators thay carry meaning without hesitation

Signifier

Physical form (spoken sound, written word, image, gesture)

Signified

Mental concept or meaning attached to the form

Saussure’s theory of the sign

Signifier and signified

Charles Hockett

An american well known linguist who made use of a comparative approach

Voiced

When vocal cords vibrate

Voiceless

When vocal cords do not vibrate

Bilabial

When both lips are used. [p] [b] [m]

Labiodental

Upper teeth and the lower lip [ f ] [ v ]

Dental

The tip of the tongue behind the upper front teeth “th” sounds [θ] [ð]

Alveolar

Front part of the tongue is placed on the alveolar ridge : [t] [s] [d] [n] [z]

Palatal

Doom of your mouth. made when the tongue contacts the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge [ ʃ ] [ tʃ ] [ ʒ ]

Velars

created with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate : [k] [g]

Glottals

No active use of the parts of the human speech organs : [h] [w] [j]

Nasals

Sounds [m], [n], and [ŋ] in which air flows through the nasal cavity, and all are voiced

Stops

Stopping the airflow very briefly : [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] and [g]

Fricatives

When air is blocked and is allowed to pass through a small opening : [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ ʃ ] and [ʒ]

Laterals

Sometimes called liquids. Air pass through sides of the tongue : [ r ] [ I ]

Glides

[h] [w] and [j] are desvribed as glides

Affricates

Released with obstruction which causes friction : [tʃ] and [dʒ]

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound in a word. Uses slash marks

Allomorphs

Can have a bariation on jow it is produced by the mouth

Morphemes

Are the smallest grammatical units of language

Free morphemes

Are also called the root words

Lexical morphemes

Make the meaning of the sentence

Functional morphemes

Consist of articles, auxiliaries, propositions, demonstrations, serve as a grammatical connection between the lexical morpheme

Bound morphemes

Cannot stand alone. It has no linguistic meaning unless they are combined and reunited to a root word.

Inflectional morphemes

Grammatical function of a word whether mood, verb, tense

Derivational morphemes

Alters and changes the semantic meaning. have roots in greek and latin

Noun

A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g. teacher, city)

Verb

Expresses an action, occurance or state of being (e.g. run, think)

Adjective

Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun (e.g. beautiful, tall, red)

Adverb

Modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence often showing manner, time, place, or degree (e.g. quickly, tomorrow)

Determiner

A word place before a noun to indicate possession (e.g. this, the, a, those, my)

Pronoun

To avoid repetition, to refer to participants (e.g. he, she, they)

preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun often indicating direction, place, time, or manner (e.g. in, on, at, with)

Conjunction

A word that connects words, phrases (e.g. and, but, or, because)

Interjection

Short expression that conveys emotion, rejection, sudden feeling (e.g. oh! Wow! Ouch!)

Several components of Linguistics

Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, Pragmatics, sociolinguistics

Places of Articulation

Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velars, glottals

Manner of Articulation

Stops, fricatives, affricates, laterals, glides

Two Categories of Free Morphemes

Lexical

Functional

Two Categories of Bound Morphemes

Inflectional

Derivational

Major Parts of the speech

Noun

verb

Adjective

Adverb

Minor parts of speech

Determiner

Pronoun

Preposition

Conjunction

Interjection