Bio lab practical

interpret the data

what step of the scientific method is all of the data collected and it is determined whether to accept or reject the hypothesis

science

derived by latin word scientia, meaning knowledge: a way of knowing

biology

evidence-based study of living organisms and systems

scientific method

allows scientists to systematically observe, measure, and experiment to solve scientific problems

identify a problem

what step of the scientific method makes an observation and understands what is already known

make a prediction

what step of the scientific method is known as a hypothesis and proposes a relationship between experimental variables

testing your hypothesis

what step of the scientific method contains the independent, dependent, and controlled variables

variable

something that changes in an experiment and can be a factor that impacts the outcome of an experiment

controlled variable

doesn't change during experiment and used as unchanging standard to compare to other groups in experiment

independent variable

is changed in experiment and tested to see if it affects the dependent variable

dependent variable

assumed to change based on changes in the independent variable

comparative experiment

researcher observes and compares different treatments on a subject

controlled experiment

researcher manipulates one variable and controls all others to observe the effect on a subject

ocular power(10x)x objective power(4x,10x,40x,100x)

how do you determine the magnification of a microscope

use of microscope

increases magnification and resolution by matching properties of the light source and precision lens

organic compounds

carbon-containing compounds

carbohydrates

contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

monosaccharides

simple sugars

disaccharides

2 joined monosaccharides

polysaccharides

many joined monosaccharides

dehydration synthesis

2 monosaccharide units react to form a disaccharide

amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen

storage polysaccharides in animals

cellulose and chitin

2 common structural polysaccharides

lipids

composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen w/ very small amount of oxygen

membrane phospholipids, triaglycerols, waxes, and steriods

different categories of lipids

fatty acid

simplest lipid and used for energy metabolism and as building block to make other lipids

saturated

only single bonds through the fatty acid chain

triaglycerols

energy storage molecules that consist of 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol molecule

proteins

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, w/ a small amount of sulfur

structural components, transport molecules, catalysts, antibodies, and hormones

types of protein functions

amino acid

building blocks of peptides and proteins; contains -NH2,-COOH, and -R organic group

Biuret's

what reagent tests for proteins

benedict's

what reagent tests for sugar

lugol's

what reagent tests for starch(complex carb)

sudan III

what reagent tests for fat

spectrometer

separates light into its component colors, then records the spectrum

enzymes

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process

peroxidase

converts toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen

enzyme preparation

grind tissue with sand to homogenize, add phosphate buffer, filter through cheesecloth, keep on ice

ATP

immediate energy source for almost all cellular activities

hydrolysis

energy is released from the bonds of ATP when this occurs

potential energy

more carbons in a compound will result in higher ______

a polymer of repeating glucose units

has the most potential energy

anaerobic (absence of air)

yeast converts sugars and other carbon sources into ethanol in _____ conditions

aerobic (presence of air)

yeast then converts the ethanol to carbon dioxide and water in _____ conditions

cellulose

carbohydrate that humans can't digest

osmosis

specialized diffusion process by which water moves from low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

hypertonic

when a cell is placed in solution, cell loses water and weight

isotonic

when a cell is placed in solution, cell remains the same

hypotonic

when a cell is placed in this solution, water enters cell and gains weight until it bursts

active transport

movement of substance from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration (against concentration gradient and uses ATP)

diffusion

movement of molecules away from a region of more concentrated solution to less concentrated solution

photosynthesis

process by plants use light energy to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water

6CO2+12H2O=C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2

overall reaction of photosynthesis

paper chromatography

technique used to separate compounds based on polarity

membranes

composed of a phospholipid bilayer studded with protein molecules

Kow

the relative amount of compound that dissolves in the non-polar 1-octanol vs water (known as partition coefficient)

polar compounds

dissolve more readily in water and have low Kow values

nonpolar compounds

dissolve more readily in 1-octanol and have high Kow values

larger Kow

more likely to be biocentered in nonpolar membranes of aquatic organisms

smaller Kow

more likely to enter ground water as pollutants

shorter molecules

migrates farther in electrophoresis because it moves through the pores of the gel easier

synthesize

to form

transcription

process of creating mRNA from DNA

translation

process of converting RNA into amino acid string

DNA replication

each newly made strand is complimentary and antiparallel to the strand from which it was copied

mutations

source of genetic diversity

gustation

sense of taste and one of 5 different senses in humans

taste buds

located inside fungiform papillae that are visible to the naked eye

nontasting

recessive trait for tasting PTC

.com and .net; commercial, can be used by anyone

what are the least reliable domains

.gov

what is the most reliable website to use

low power, stage all the way up

stains combine with what to increase contrast of cells under the microscope

increases contrast

why is a staining step often used when looking at cells under a microscope

vitamins and minerals

in addition to the four major macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid) what are the other nutritional requirements of our bodies

false

its not a big deal if your diet is deficient in one or more of the major macromolecules

oxygen

guaiacol turns brown in our reaction tubes due to the presence of ____

hydrogen peroxide

our substrate for this enzyme reaction is what chemical

only the linear portion

what part of the graph do you use to calculate enzyme activity

the variability is high

a large standard deviation means

SD is the square root of variance

what is the relationship between variance and standard deviation

twice as many carbon bonds

why does a 12-carbon sugar have more potential energy than a 6-carbon sugar

full of air

why do leaf disks normally float in water

the yeast culture contained residual sugar

why might the tube containing only yeast culture and water produce gas

mid-prophase I

stage of meiosis I in which synapsis aligns homologs, and chromosomes condense further

telophase II

stage of meiosis II in which the chromosomes gather into nuclei and the cells divide

metaphase II

stage of meiosis II in which the centromeres of the paired chromatids line up at the equatorial plates of each cell

anaphase

stage of mitosis in which the paired sister chromatids separate, and the new daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the poles

telophase

stage of mitosis in which daughter chromosomes reach the poles, the nucleoli re-form, and the cell again enters interphase

shrinks

if a cell crenates, it

swells and pops

if a cell lyses, it

more concentrated = more gradient = larger/faster diffusion

when you added different concentrations of KMnO4 to wells in a petri plate, they had different larger or smaller rings of diffusion. Why were some larger or smaller?

Na+ pumped out of the cell while K+ pumped into the cell

the computer program for active transport varied where Na+ and K+ were. Which way does the Na+/K+ pump work?

false

cyanobacteria are prokaryotes so they DO have chloroplasts

carbs

pigments transfer energy from light into a form plants can use to make what molecule

xanthophylls

what pigments are yellow in color

chlorophyll a

what is the primary photosynthetic pigment for higher plants

betacyanin

what pigment did we examine in lab

2

in order for the pigment to escape the cell in this lab, how many membranes must it get through

temp and organic solvents

2 treatments in membrane lab are