A&P II Lecture Exam 2

Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by

Increasing activities in effector tissue and decreasing activities in effector tissue

Which statements describe a preganglionic neuron?

* has axons that exit the CNS in cranial or spinal nerve
* has mostly myelinated axons
* forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway
* has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord
* releases acetylcholine

A postganglionic neuron in the ANS

Releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell

Which neurons would normally have the shortest axons?

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Which of the following describes the sympathetic division of the ANS

* Stimulates sweat glands
* synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
* short preganglionic neurons
* Releases hormones

Place the events in order of sympathetic motor pathway

1. Neuron exits lumbar segment of spinal cord
2. Neuron releases acetylcholine
3. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptor
4. Postganglionic neuron depolarizes
5. Postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
6. Acetylcholine binds to the sweat gland’s muscarinic receptor

The ____ contains sympathetic preganglionic axons and connects the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the sympathetic trunk ganglia

Gray rami communicanes

Cholinergic receptors include

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer’s body?

Increases secretion of digestive juices

Which nerve supplies the inferior mesenteric ganglion with preganglionic neurons?

Lumbar splanchnic nerve

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Process of sensation

1. Stimulation of sensory receptors
2. Transduction of the stimulus
3. Generation of impulses
4. integration of sensory input

___ would detect irritation on the skin if you didn’t wear gloves while cleaning with bleach

Nocieptors

Which receptor fires continuously as long as a stimulation is applied?

* Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (merkel disc)
* Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle)
* Thermoreceptor
* Muscle spindles

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Which receptors fire at the onset of stimulation

* Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
* Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
* Hair root plexus
* Joint kinesthetic receptors

Which statements describe proprioception

* Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects
* Proprioceptors are slowly adapting receptors
* Proprioceptors are embedded in muscles and tendons
* Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other

The postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex

Receives primary somatic sensory information

First order neurons

Carries afferent signals from the sensory receptor to the CNS

Third Order neurons

Carry afferent signals from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Second order neurons

Carry sensory information from the CNS to the thalamus

The descending pathway

Consists of upper and lower motor neurons

A soccer ball was hit your way. You see the area you want to kick it to at the same time you are preparing to plant your foot and kick the ball. What area allows you to compare intended movement with the actual movement?

Cerebellum

As you extend your arm, two tracts together to maintain posture and muscle tone. Muscles in your proximal limb will be excited by the ___ and inhibited by the _

1. medial reticulospinal tract
2. lateral reticulospinal tract

___ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction

Olfactory cilia

In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the ___. The axons project to the __

1. Olfactory tract
2. cerebral cortex and limbic system

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?

Filiform

Which of the the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

* Vagus
* Facial
* GLossopharyngeal

After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated

Bulbar conjunctiva

Place the flow of tears in the correct area

1. Lacrimal gland
2. Lacrimal duct
3. Superior/inferior lacrimal canal
4. Lacrimal sac
5. Nasolacrimal duct
6. Nasal cavity

___ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions

Cones

Light enters the retina through the layer of neural retina in this order___

1. Ganglion cell layer
2. Inner synaptic layer
3. Bipolar cell layer
4. Outer synaptic layer
5. Photoreceptor cell layer

Information is processed through the retina in this order ___

1. Photoreceptor cell layer
2. Outer synaptic layer
3. Bipolar cell layer
4. inner synaptic layer
5. Ganglion cell layer

Place the events of sound transduction in order

1. Stereocilia of hair cells bend
2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter
3. Cations entering cause depolarization
4. Calcium voltage-gated channels open
5. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs


1. Higher frequency of actions potentials in first-order neurons

Dynamic equlibrium is maintained by

Semicircular canals

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot

There is no retinal layer so there are not cones and rods

From which of the following layer of the developing embryo do the eyes develop

Ectoderm

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the

Lens vesicle

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the __ to the cochlear nuclei in the __

* Cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
* Medulla oblongata

Choose the sequence of events for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end

1. taste buds detect tastant on the anterior two third of the tongue
2. First order neuron from the facial nerve carries the impulse
3. The gustatory nucleus in the medulla receives information
4. Information travels to the limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus
5. Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex
6. Conscious perception of taste

Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain

1. Hair cells in the spiral organ
2. Cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII
3. Cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
4. The superior olivary nucleus in the pons
5. Inferior colliculus
6. The medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
7. The primary auditory cerebral cortex