Endocrinology

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various functions of an organism.

Hormones

Chemical messengers released by glands that bind to receptors in target tissues to regulate physiological processes.

Receptors

Recognition sites in target tissues where hormones bind to exert their effects.

Thyroid Function

The thyroid gland secretes hormones like T3 and T4 to regulate metabolic rate and oxygen uptake.

Parathyroid Glands

Glands located behind the thyroid that produce PTH to increase blood calcium levels.

Adrenal Gland

Gland located above the kidneys that secretes cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.

Pancreas

Organ near the stomach that produces insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.

Diabetes Types

Type I (IDDM) results from no insulin production, while Type II (NIDDM) involves insulin resistance.

Pituitary Gland

Gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones like GH, TSH, ACTH, and others.

Melatonin

Hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition characterized by low blood calcium levels leading to symptoms like tetany.

Hyperparathyroidism

Condition with high blood calcium levels causing symptoms like abdominal pain and kidney stones.

Hypothyroidism

Condition with low T3 and T4 levels and high TSH, leading to symptoms like fatigue and weight gain.

Hyperthyroidism

Condition with high T3 and T4 levels and low TSH, causing symptoms like weight loss and rapid heartbeat.

Cushing's and Addison's Disease

Cushing's involves excessive ACTH production, often from the pituitary, while Addison's results from adrenal insufficiency.

Three P's of Diabetes

Polyphagia (increased hunger), Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst).