Perspectives in Pharmacy: History, Scope, and Attributes

A comprehensive collection of 120 vocabulary flashcards covering the historical development of pharmacy, WHO 7-star pharmacist attributes, scope of practice under Philippine pharmacy laws, and essential functions.

Pharmakon

Greek word meaning drug or medicine, from which the term 'pharmacy' is derived.

Pharmacy

The art and science of preparing and dispensing medicines or drugs, as well as the establishment or place where drugs or medicines are sold.

Pharmacist

A healthcare professional focused on safe and effective medication use, prepared to formulate, dispense, and provide clinical information on drugs; also known as a druggist.

Bowl of Hygeia

A pharmaceutical symbol featuring a bowl with the serpent of Epidaurus coiled around it, representing health and healing.

Hygeia

The Greek Goddess of health and daughter of Aesculapius, whose symbol was a serpent drinking from a bowl.

Caduceus

A symbol featuring a winged staff with two snakes coiled around it, associated with Mercury (Roman) or Hermes (Greek), messenger of the Gods and God of commerce.

Mortar and Pestle

Traditional tools of pharmacy used to grind and mix substances, serving as an easily recognizable visual motif for the pharmaceutical profession.

Rx Symbol

The recipe sign appearing at the start of prescriptions, universally accepted as an abbreviation for the Latin word 'recipe' ('take thou').

Shanidar Cave Burial

A 50,000-year-old Neanderthal burial site in northern Iraq where clusters of flowers and herbs were buried alongside human remains.

Shamans

Faith healers in prehistoric societies who understood and controlled the spirit world through oral and manual rites to treat physical and mental ailments.

Ninazu

Mesopotamian deity recognized as the 'Lord physician.'

Ningishrida

Mesopotamian deity, son of Ninazu, who carries a staff with a snake wrapped around it.

Gula

Mesopotamian Goddess of death and healing, known as the 'Great lady of physicians' and patroness of physicians.

Asu

The physician priest in ancient Mesopotamia who provided medical treatments.

Ashipu

The exorcist and incantation priest in ancient Mesopotamia.

Baru

The seer priest in ancient Mesopotamia responsible for diagnosis and prognosis.

Library of Nineveh

A collection of 32,000 clay tablets assembled by Assyrian King Asshurbanipal in the 17th century BC, recording drugs from vegetable, mineral, and other sources.

Thoth

Egyptian deity regarded as the inventor of science and medicine, and patron of physicians.

Imhotep

An Egyptian mortal of the third millennium BC who was deified as a god of medicine during Greco-Roman times.

Papyrus Ebers

An ancient Egyptian medical papyrus dating to c. 1550 BC containing 800 prescriptions and mentioning 700 drugs.

Georg Ebers

The German Egyptologist who purchased the Ebers Papyrus at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–1874.

Shen-nung

Legendary Chinese Emperor credited as the father of pharmaceutics by scholar-ruler Liu An in the second century BC.

Pen-ts’ao

Ancient Chinese text translated as 'materia medica', 'fundamentals of simples', or 'the botanical basis of pharmacy'.

Theophrastus

Early Greek philosopher and natural scientist (about 300 B.C.) known as the 'father of botany.'

De Historia Plantarum

One of the major foundational botanical works written by Theophrastus.

Claudius Galen

A prominent Greek physician and philosopher in the Roman Empire whose principles of compounding governed medicine in the Western world for 1,500 years.

Galenicals

A class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means, named in honor of Claudius Galen.

Cold Cream

A classic pharmaceutical cosmetic preparation whose original formula was created by Claudius Galen.

Hiera Picra

The oldest pharmaceutical compound in existence, formulated by Galen using aloes, spices, herbs, and honey.

Terra Sigillata

'Sealed earth,' a greasy clay formed into tablet-like units stamped with an origin seal, used as an antidote for poisons, dysenteries, and fevers.

Theriaca

An ancient universal antidote and remedy containing over 70 ingredients, including opium, viper flesh, castoreum, and herbs.

Mithridates VI

King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.) known as the 'royal toxicologist' who tested poisons and antidotes on himself and prisoners.

Mithridatum

Famed panantidotal formula developed by King Mithridates VI of Pontus to counteract poisons.

Pedanios Dioscorides

First-century A.D. physician, pharmacologist, and Roman army medic who authored 'De Materia Medica'.

De Materia Medica

A 5-volume encyclopedia written in Greek by Pedanios Dioscorides detailing herbal medicine and medicinal substances.

Hunain ibn-Ishāq

Arab scholar who translated the entire available Hippocratic corpus and works of Galen and Dioscorides into Arabic.

Sābūr ibn-Sahl

Author who compiled 'al–Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr,' a prototype formulary of organized medical recipes and compounding instructions.

al–Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr

A prototype formulary compiled by Sābūr ibn-Sahl containing organized recipes and compounding instructions.

Avicenna

Ibn-Sina, a Persian philosopher and physician who authored the 'Canon medicinae' to unify medical knowledge.

Canon medicinae

Famous medical treatise by Avicenna containing information on poisons, medicine preparation, and medicinal recipes.

Rhazes

Arab-era physician (860–932) who helped make dosage forms palatable through silvering of pills and the use of syrups.

King Frederick II of Sicily

Holy Roman Emperor who codified the legal separation of pharmacy practice from medicine in 1240.

Paracelsus

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, known as the 'father of toxicology' for stating 'All things are poison, and nothing is without poison.'

Quinine

Alkaloid drug discovered in 1820 used to treat malarial fevers, helping displace traditional Galenism.

Germ Theory of Disease

Medical theory established by Pasteur and Koch proving that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases.

Robert Koch

German scientist who proved in 1876 that bacteria cause disease and introduced isolation techniques using semisolid media.

Louis Pasteur

French scientist who developed early vaccines for fowl cholera (1881), anthrax (1881), and rabies (1885).

Emil Von Behring

Scientist who discovered and developed the diphtheria antitoxin.

Paul Ehrlich

Scientist who discovered Salvarsan in 1910 and formulated the principle of selective toxicity.

Salvarsan

The first discovered synthetic chemotherapeutic agent, introduced by Paul Ehrlich in 1910.

Alexander Fleming

Scientist who discovered penicillin, a powerful antibacterial substance produced by a species of Penicillium mold.

Christopher Marshall

Irish immigrant who established a pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise and apothecary shop in Philadelphia.

Marshall Apothecary

Historic Philadelphia pharmacy that served as a retail shop, large-scale chemical manufacturer, training site, and supply depot during the American Revolution.

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

The first association of pharmacists in America, founded in 1821 at Carpenter's Hall.

William Proctor Jr.

Known as the 'Father of American Pharmacy' who helped found the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852.

American Pharmaceutical Association

Professional society founded in 1852 (APhA) to improve communication, educational standards, and quality control of imported drugs.

Jack Eckerd

Entrepreneur from Erie, Pennsylvania, who introduced self-service in retail pharmacy shortly after World War II.

Jonathan Roberts

The first hospital pharmacist in the United States, appointed at Pennsylvania Hospital.

Benjamin Franklin

American statesman who co-founded Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia in 1752, housing the first U.S. hospital pharmacy.

John Morgan

Pharmacist and physician who advocated for prescription writing and the formal separation of pharmacy and medicine in America.

Harvey A. K. Whitney

Pharmacist who established the first hospital pharmacy internship program in 1927 at the University of Michigan Hospital.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Professional organization formed in 1942 as the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP).

Babaylan

Pre-historic female mystic in the Philippines knowledgeable in religion, culture, medicine, and natural phenomena; also known as Katalonan.

Herbolarios

Traditional healers during the pre-Spanish empirical period in the Philippines skilled in using medicinal plants and physical therapies like hilot.

Miguel López de Legazpi

Spanish conquistador whose 1565 arrival initiated the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines.

University of Santo Tomas

The first university established in the Philippines, originally named Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario de Santo Tomas.

Fr. Fernando Santa Maria

Dominican priest and author of 'Medicinas Caseras' (1786), a guide to Philippine medicinal plants and remedies.

Medicinas Caseras

Book published in 1786 by Fr. Fernando Santa Maria detailing Philippine medicinal barks, herbs, and illness treatments.

Fr. Manuel Blanco

Augustinian priest (OSA) who created the renowned Philippine botanical work 'Flora de Filipinas'.

Flora de Filipinas

Comprehensive botanical treatise on native Philippine plants authored by Fr. Manuel Blanco.

Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia

Educational school established during the Spanish era to train practitioners assisting doctors and pharmacists.

Military Hospital in Cebu

The first hospital established in the Philippines by the Spaniards, built by Legazpi in 1565.

Botica de Santa Cruz

Historic drugstore established in 1861 at Plaza de Goiti, Manila, later operated by Dr. Carlos Jahrling and Luis Santos.

Don Lorenzo Negrao

Spanish pharmacist and physician who founded an early apothecary shop at Escolta, Manila in 1830.

Act No. 597

Legislation passed by the Philippine Commission in 1903 creating the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners.

Manila Central University

Institution tracing its origins to a 1904 pharmacy board review class organized by Dr. Alejandro Albert.

Philippine Pharmacists Association

National professional organization of pharmacists in the Philippines (PPhA), founded in 1920.

Southstar Drug

Founded in 1937 in Naga City, recognized as the first drugstore chain in the Philippines.

León María Guerrero y Leogardo

The first licensed Filipino pharmacist, revolutionary leader, politician, and distinguished botanist.

WHO Seven-Star Pharmacist

Concept introduced by WHO in 2014 outlining seven essential attributes of a pharmacist: Caregiver, Decision-maker, Communicator, Manager, Life-long learner, Teacher, and Leader.

Caregiver Attribute

WHO attribute requiring pharmacists to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care integrated into the broader health system.

Decision-Maker Attribute

WHO attribute requiring pharmacists to evaluate data and make effective, safe, and cost-efficient healthcare decisions.

Communicator Attribute

WHO attribute requiring pharmacists to communicate effectively to bridge information between prescribers, patients, and healthcare teams.

Manager Attribute

WHO attribute emphasizing a pharmacist's ability to direct human, physical, operational, and financial resources.

Life-Long Learner Attribute

WHO attribute highlighting continuous education and professional development across a pharmacist's career.

Teacher Attribute

WHO attribute obligating pharmacists to assist in educating and training future pharmacy practitioners and the public.

Leader Attribute

WHO attribute requiring pharmacists to inspire team vision, encourage constructive differences, and elevate healthcare quality.

Continuing Professional Development

The lifelong active learning process maintained by healthcare professionals to sustain competence and enhance practice.

Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education

Agency (ACPE) that defines standards for pharmacy education and Continuing Professional Development.

Compounding

The preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug based on a prescription order or for educational/research purposes.

Dispensing

The professional process of checking a prescriber's order, selecting medicines, and delivering them with usage instructions.

Millis Report

1975 landmark report titled 'Pharmacists for the Future' defining pharmacy as a knowledge system rendering health services through understanding drugs.

Pharmaceutical Care

The responsible provision of drug therapy intended to achieve definite therapeutic outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.

Republic Act No. 5921

The original Pharmacy Law regulating pharmacy practice and setting pharmaceutical education standards in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 10918

The Philippine Pharmacy Act modernizing the regulation of pharmacy practice and repealing R.A. 5921.

Exclusive Pharmacist Practice Scope

Functions under R.A. 10918 (compounding, clinical services, teaching pharmacy, dispensing supervision, and specific pharmacy services) restricted strictly to licensed pharmacists.

Non-Exclusive Pharmacist Practice Scope

Services under R.A. 10918 (chemical assays, medical device analysis, adult vaccine administration, and research) that pharmacists can perform alongside other qualified professionals.

Adult Vaccine Administration Scope

Provision under R.A. 10918 authorizing pharmacists with FDA-certified training to administer adult vaccines.

Professional Functions

Pharmacist functions directly involved in clinical drug choices, dosing, patient monitoring, adverse reaction detection, and patient counseling.

Technical Functions

Manipulative or mechanical tasks in pharmacy, including stocking, repacking, labeling, drug counting, and powder reconstitution.