Cells

What are the processes of life?

Homeostasis, Metabolism, Nutrition, Movement, Excretion, Growth, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction

What is the last common ancestor of all cells?

LUCA

How do Prokaryotes divide?

Binary Fission

How do Eukaryotes Divide?

Binary Fission, Mitosis, or Meiosis

How big are Prokaryotes?

0.2-10 microns

What are the cell walls of Prokaryotes made of?

Peptidoglycan

What are the cell walls of Eukaryotes made of?

Chitin or Cellulose

What type of organism uses call walls made of Chitin

Fungi (and some algae)

What type of organism uses cellulose in their cell wall?

Plants (and some algae)

Where is DNA in Prokaryotes

Nucleoid

How does the flagella move in Prokayotes?

Spins (Rotates)

How does the Flagella move in Eukaryotes?

Laterally

How is DNA stored in Prokaryotes?

DNA is Circular & Naked

How is DNA stored in Eukaryotes?

DNA is linear and associated with histone proteins

What size ribosomes are in Prokaryotes?

70s

What size ribosomes are in Eurkaryotes?

80s

What does the s stand for when talking about ribosome size?

Svedberg Units

What are plasmids?

Little circles of DNA not associated with the main part.

What kind of cell has plasmids?

Prokaryotes

What kind of cell can be unicellular or multicellular

Eukaryotes

What structures are shared by all cells?

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes

Are Archaea Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Archaea are prokaryotes (although they are more similar to Eukaryotes than Bacteria)

What kind of organism are Archaea? (Hint: Relates to where they are found)

Extremophiles

What does extracellular mean?

Outside the cell membrane

What are some extracellular components?

Cell Wall

Pilli/Cillia

Capsule

Flagellum

What is Gram Staining?

Staining the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

What color means gram Positive?

Purple

What color means gram Negative?

Pink

What does it mean if a cell is gram positive?

Thick cell wall

What does it mean if a cell is gram negative?

Thin or No cell wall

Which (Gram Positive or Gram Negative) is harder to treat an infection of?

Gram Negative

Why is Gram Negative harder to treat?

Gram Negative bacteria have two membranes with a smaller cell wall in between. Antibiotics have a harder time making it though two cell membranes. Any change to the cell wall will result in the release of toxins, which can cause further harm.

When were microscopes invented?

1590

Who discovered cells?

Robert Hooke

Where were cells first discovered?

Cork

What are the three most important aspects of microscopy?

Magnification, Resolution, Contrast

What is magnification?

How many times larger the image appears

What is resolution?

The ability to distinguish details between two specimen or samples

What is contrast?

Differences between dark and light parts of a cell?

What is the highest magnification usually achieved by LM?

~1000x

What is the highest resolution usually achieved by LM?

~200nm

How can contrast be improved in LM?

Staining

What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopes), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopes)

Which EM is more useful for looking at the insides of cells?

TEM

Which EM is more useful for looking at the surface of a cell/organelle?

SEM

What is cell fractionation?

Cells are broken up and spun in centrifuges at various speeds to separate their parts by mass

What is the Nucleus for?

Holding DNA

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A double membrane around the Nucleus

What are Nuclear Pores?

Openings in the Nuclear Envelope

How are Nucluear Pores protected?

With Pore Complexes

What are Pore Complexes?

A protein complex which guards the nuclear pore

What is the Nucleolus?

Structure within the nucleus

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

Ribosome production

What is the Nuclear lamina?

A microstructure on the inside of the nuclear envelope

What does the Nuclear Lamina do?

Hold the shape of the nucleus

What is the nuclear lamina made of?

Intermediate filaments

What is Chromatin?

DNA + Proteins in the nucleus

What are ribosomes?

A structure which manufactures proteins

Are ribosomes organells?

No, because they aren’t membrane bound

Where are free ribosomes found?

Cytosol

Where are bound ribosomes found?

Attached to the RER or outside of the Nuclear envelope

Who are the proteins made by free ribosomes for?

The cell itself

Who are the proteins made by bound ribosomes for

Usually secretion

What structures are part of the endomembrane system?

Nuclear Envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vesicles, Vacuoles, and the Plasma Membrane

What is the ER lumen?

Space inside the ER’s membrane

Where does the ER grow from?

Off the Nuclear Envelope

What are the types of ER?

Smooth ER (SER) and Rough ER (RER)

Which kind of ER has ribosomes attached?

RER

What does the SER do?

Metabolic processes

What kind of macromolecules does the SER deal with?

Carbohydrates & Lipids

Which part of the ER deals with detoxification?

SER

Which kind of human cells have a lot of SER?

Liver Cells

Why do Liver Cells have a lot of SER?

SER is used in detoxifying substances, which the liver does in the human body.

How are drugs detoxified?

By adding hydroxyl groups

What effect can using unprescribed drugs have on SER in liver cells?

The amount of SER can increase, reducing the effectiveness of prescribed medication.

What ion does the SER store?

Ca2+

What kind of macromolecules does the RER deal with?

Proteins & Lipids

What are the majority of proteins made in the RER?

Secretory proteins, which are usually glycoproteins

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins with carbohydrates (usually glucose) covalently attached

What do secretory proteins go into after being produced?

Transport vesicles

From what part of the ER do transport vesicles branch off of?

Transitional ER

How do proteins that will end up in the cell membrane get into the cell membrane?

They are implanted directly into the RER’s membrane, which buds off into transport vesicles.

Where do transport vesicles go after the RER?

Golgi Apparatus

What does the Golgi do?

Modify and Ship RER products

What are the two sides of the Golgi?

Cis and Trans

Which side of the Golgi do Transport vesicles come into?

Cis

What side of the Golgi to transport vesicles leave from?

Trans

What are each of the flat stacks of membrane in the golgi called?

Cisternae

What does the Golgi manufacture?

Polysaccharides

How does the Golgi signal where to move transport vesicles?

With tags on the molecule or vesicle

What moves transport vesicles?

Dynein Motors

What are lysosomes?

Pockets of membranes which digest other things

Why is it not a big deal if one lysosome leaks its enzymes?

These enzymes are made to work best in the acidic environment of lysosomes.

What is it called if a cell self digests from popping all its lysosomes?

Apoptosis

Lack of what molecule can trigger apoptosis?

O2

What type of cell can tell other cells to commit apoptosis?

Immune Cells

What is Phagocytosis?

When a cell envelopes another cell as food, typically using psudopodia?