Studied by 14 people
What are the processes of life?
Homeostasis, Metabolism, Nutrition, Movement, Excretion, Growth, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction
What is the last common ancestor of all cells?
LUCA
How do Prokaryotes divide?
Binary Fission
How do Eukaryotes Divide?
Binary Fission, Mitosis, or Meiosis
How big are Prokaryotes?
0.2-10 microns
What are the cell walls of Prokaryotes made of?
Peptidoglycan
What are the cell walls of Eukaryotes made of?
Chitin or Cellulose
What type of organism uses call walls made of Chitin
Fungi (and some algae)
What type of organism uses cellulose in their cell wall?
Plants (and some algae)
Where is DNA in Prokaryotes
Nucleoid
How does the flagella move in Prokayotes?
Spins (Rotates)
How does the Flagella move in Eukaryotes?
Laterally
How is DNA stored in Prokaryotes?
DNA is Circular & Naked
How is DNA stored in Eukaryotes?
DNA is linear and associated with histone proteins
What size ribosomes are in Prokaryotes?
70s
What size ribosomes are in Eurkaryotes?
80s
What does the s stand for when talking about ribosome size?
Svedberg Units
What are plasmids?
Little circles of DNA not associated with the main part.
What kind of cell has plasmids?
Prokaryotes
What kind of cell can be unicellular or multicellular
Eukaryotes
What structures are shared by all cells?
Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes
Are Archaea Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Archaea are prokaryotes (although they are more similar to Eukaryotes than Bacteria)
What kind of organism are Archaea? (Hint: Relates to where they are found)
Extremophiles
What does extracellular mean?
Outside the cell membrane
What are some extracellular components?
Cell Wall
Pilli/Cillia
Capsule
Flagellum
What is Gram Staining?
Staining the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
What color means gram Positive?
Purple
What color means gram Negative?
Pink
What does it mean if a cell is gram positive?
Thick cell wall
What does it mean if a cell is gram negative?
Thin or No cell wall
Which (Gram Positive or Gram Negative) is harder to treat an infection of?
Gram Negative
Why is Gram Negative harder to treat?
Gram Negative bacteria have two membranes with a smaller cell wall in between. Antibiotics have a harder time making it though two cell membranes. Any change to the cell wall will result in the release of toxins, which can cause further harm.
When were microscopes invented?
1590
Who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke
Where were cells first discovered?
Cork
What are the three most important aspects of microscopy?
Magnification, Resolution, Contrast
What is magnification?
How many times larger the image appears
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish details between two specimen or samples
What is contrast?
Differences between dark and light parts of a cell?
What is the highest magnification usually achieved by LM?
~1000x
What is the highest resolution usually achieved by LM?
~200nm
How can contrast be improved in LM?
Staining
What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopes), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopes)
Which EM is more useful for looking at the insides of cells?
TEM
Which EM is more useful for looking at the surface of a cell/organelle?
SEM
What is cell fractionation?
Cells are broken up and spun in centrifuges at various speeds to separate their parts by mass
What is the Nucleus for?
Holding DNA
What is the Nuclear Envelope?
A double membrane around the Nucleus
What are Nuclear Pores?
Openings in the Nuclear Envelope
How are Nucluear Pores protected?
With Pore Complexes
What are Pore Complexes?
A protein complex which guards the nuclear pore
What is the Nucleolus?
Structure within the nucleus
What is the function of the Nucleolus?
Ribosome production
What is the Nuclear lamina?
A microstructure on the inside of the nuclear envelope
What does the Nuclear Lamina do?
Hold the shape of the nucleus
What is the nuclear lamina made of?
Intermediate filaments
What is Chromatin?
DNA + Proteins in the nucleus
What are ribosomes?
A structure which manufactures proteins
Are ribosomes organells?
No, because they aren’t membrane bound
Where are free ribosomes found?
Cytosol
Where are bound ribosomes found?
Attached to the RER or outside of the Nuclear envelope
Who are the proteins made by free ribosomes for?
The cell itself
Who are the proteins made by bound ribosomes for
Usually secretion
What structures are part of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear Envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vesicles, Vacuoles, and the Plasma Membrane
What is the ER lumen?
Space inside the ER’s membrane
Where does the ER grow from?
Off the Nuclear Envelope
What are the types of ER?
Smooth ER (SER) and Rough ER (RER)
Which kind of ER has ribosomes attached?
RER
What does the SER do?
Metabolic processes
What kind of macromolecules does the SER deal with?
Carbohydrates & Lipids
Which part of the ER deals with detoxification?
SER
Which kind of human cells have a lot of SER?
Liver Cells
Why do Liver Cells have a lot of SER?
SER is used in detoxifying substances, which the liver does in the human body.
How are drugs detoxified?
By adding hydroxyl groups
What effect can using unprescribed drugs have on SER in liver cells?
The amount of SER can increase, reducing the effectiveness of prescribed medication.
What ion does the SER store?
Ca2+
What kind of macromolecules does the RER deal with?
Proteins & Lipids
What are the majority of proteins made in the RER?
Secretory proteins, which are usually glycoproteins
What are glycoproteins?
Proteins with carbohydrates (usually glucose) covalently attached
What do secretory proteins go into after being produced?
Transport vesicles
From what part of the ER do transport vesicles branch off of?
Transitional ER
How do proteins that will end up in the cell membrane get into the cell membrane?
They are implanted directly into the RER’s membrane, which buds off into transport vesicles.
Where do transport vesicles go after the RER?
Golgi Apparatus
What does the Golgi do?
Modify and Ship RER products
What are the two sides of the Golgi?
Cis and Trans
Which side of the Golgi do Transport vesicles come into?
Cis
What side of the Golgi to transport vesicles leave from?
Trans
What are each of the flat stacks of membrane in the golgi called?
Cisternae
What does the Golgi manufacture?
Polysaccharides
How does the Golgi signal where to move transport vesicles?
With tags on the molecule or vesicle
What moves transport vesicles?
Dynein Motors
What are lysosomes?
Pockets of membranes which digest other things
Why is it not a big deal if one lysosome leaks its enzymes?
These enzymes are made to work best in the acidic environment of lysosomes.
What is it called if a cell self digests from popping all its lysosomes?
Apoptosis
Lack of what molecule can trigger apoptosis?
O2
What type of cell can tell other cells to commit apoptosis?
Immune Cells
What is Phagocytosis?
When a cell envelopes another cell as food, typically using psudopodia?
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