PSY 3350 Ch. 19 - Personality, The Self, & Identity

Trust v. Mistrust (0-1)

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met.

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (1-3)

Sense of independence in many tasks develop.

Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)

Take initiative with some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped.

Industry v. Inferiority (7-11)

Develop self confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not.

Identity v. Role Confusion (12-18)

Experiment with develop identity and roles.

Intimacy v. Isolation (19-39)

Establish intimacy and relationships with others.

Generativity v. Stagnation (40-64)

Contribute to society and be part of a family.

Integrity v. Despair (65+)

Assess and make sense of life and meaningful contributions.

Temperament

Early, genetically based but environmentally influenced tendencies to respond in predictable ways.

Surgency/extraversion

One of the dimensions of temperament as identified by Rothbart et al.

Negative affectivity

One of the dimensions of temperament as identified by Rothbart et al.

Effortful control

One of the dimensions of temperament as identified by Rothbart et al.

Thomas & Cross Temperament Typologies

Easy temperament, difficult temperament, slow-to-warm-up temperament

Goodness of Fit

How well infant and parent interaction styles match. Temperament may influence social interactions.

Temperament v. Personality

Temperament: how people react to environments; Personality: an individual's consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving.

Why is personality stable?

Genetics, childhood experiences have lasting effects, stable environments, gene-environment correlations

Self-concept

Self-description in categories.

Sense of agency

Develops around 2-3 months of age.

Joint attention

Develops around 6-12 months of age.

Self-recognition

Develops around 18 months; depends on social interaction and cognitive development.

Categorical self

Classify self into social categories, develops around 18-24 months.

The self at age 2

use personal pronouns

the self at preschool age

self-concept is concrete and physical

the self at age 8

emphasize psychological and social qualities

Self-Esteem

Differentiate among self-esteem in five areas: Scholastic competence, Social acceptance, Behavioral conduct, Athletic competence, Physical appearance.

Sources of high self-esteem in adolescence

opportunities for competence; approval and support from peers, parents

Midlife Crisis

Occurs around age 40-45; involves evaluating life and revising goals.

Adulthood Self-Esteem

Maintain positive self-esteem by reducing the gap between real and ideal self, changing standards, making social comparisons, and avoiding negative self-stereotyping.

Identity Formation in Adolescence

Involves Erikson's Identity v. Role confusion and factors like body image revision, cognitive growth, and social demands.

Marcia's Identity Statuses

Includes Achievement, Moratorium, Identity Foreclosure, and Diffusion.

Marcia's Achievement

"I want to help people and am good at science, so I decided to be a nurse."

Present commitment, present crisis/exploration

Marcia's Moratorium

"I like psychology and am taking a variety of courses to determine whether I want to major in it or not."

Absent commitment, present crisis/exploration

Marcia's Identity Foreclosure

"I am going into the military because that is what everyone in my family does when they finish high school"

Present commitment, absent crisis/exploration

Marcia's Diffusion

"I haven't given the future a lot of thought. I'm sure something will come along to push me in one direction or another."

Absent commitment, absent crisis/exploration

Ethnic Identity

Sense of personal identification with an ethnic group and its values and cultural traditions.

External Ethnic Identity

recognizable social and cultural behaviors; like Language, Traditions, Friendship with other members, Involvement in group activities

Internal Ethnic Identity

Cognitive: view of self, the group, and traditions

Moral: obligation to heritage and values

Affective dimensions: attachment feelings and an affinity to seek out similar members and cultural patterns

Phinney's Model of Ethnic Identity Development

Includes Stage 1: Unexamined ethnic identity, Stage 2: Ethnic identity search/moratorium, Stage 3: Ethnic identity achievement.