APGov 9

Amendment 13

Abolished slavery

Blackcodes

Sought to continue oppression of African Americans in the United States

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

Granted citizenship to Blacks and denied state power against them (regarding holding property, testifying in court, making labor contracts)

Amendment XIV

Naturalized people, struck down Black Codes, and ensured protection

Slaughterhouse cases

Limited the scope of the 14th Amendment; ruled that most civil rights are state, not federal, rights.

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON, AND QUINCY RAILROAD v. CHICAGO 1897

First case to incorporate part of the Bill of Rights (5th Amendment, just compensation) to the states via the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

PLESSY v. FERGUSON

Upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION I

Overturned Plessy; ruled that segregated public schools are inherently unequal and unconstitutional.

BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION II

Ordered schools to desegregate “with all deliberate speed.”

Amendment XV

Prohibits denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

CRA 1957

First civil rights legislation since Reconstruction; established a Civil Rights Division in the DOJ and a federal civil rights commission
Stop violence in schools and yay voting rights

CRA 1960

Strengthened voting rights and allowed federal inspection of local voter registration polls
End violence

CRA 1964

Banned discrimination in public places and employment; enforced desegregation of schools

AA protection for voting rights, discrimination banned, equal employment

CRA 1968

Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.
Fair Housing Act

Addendum to 1964

VRA 1965

Banned literacy tests and allowed federal oversight of voter registration in discriminatory areas

TItle IX

Prohibited sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities

Amendment XXIV

Banned poll taxes in federal elections

The Rational Basis Test

Law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest (used for non-suspect classifications)

The Strict Scrutiny Test

Law must serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored (used for suspect classifications like race)

The Substantial Relationship Test

Law must serve an important government objective and be substantially related (used for gender cases)
Intermediate Scrutiny

Affirmative Action

Policies that provide advantages for historically marginalized groups in education and employment to promote diversity

Amendment XIX

Women vote

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader who advocated nonviolent protest; led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington

WEB Du Bois

Co-founder of the NAACP; advocated for immediate civil rights and higher education for Black Americans

A Philip Randolph

Labor and civil rights leader; organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and planned the 1941 March on Washington

James Farmer

Founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); helped organize Freedom Rides

Fannie Lou Hamer

Voting and civil rights activist; co-founder of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

HARPER v. VIRGINIA

Declared poll taxes unconstitutional in state elections under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause

DAYTON BOARD OF EDUCATION v. BRINKMAN

Limited scope of desegregation orders, especially if segregation wasn't intentional

UNITED STEELWORKER OF AMERICA v. WEBER

Upheld affirmative action in private employment, stating it did not violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964

THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND WOMEN’s EQUITY IN EMPLOYMENT ACT

Strengthened protections against workplace discrimination based on race and sex

GRUTTER v. BOLLINGER

Upheld the University of Michigan Law School’s affirmative action policy; race can be a factor in admissions

GRATZ v. BOLLINGER

Struck down the undergraduate admissions system at UMich for being too mechanistic in awarding points based on race