WHAP AP Test Review - Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on main ideas and key points from the WHAP AP Test Review lecture notes.

What were the main beliefs of Confucianism?

Human society consisted of unequal relationships; rulers should govern with sincerity and concern.

What is Filial Piety?

Honoring one's ancestors and parents.

What is Neo-Confucianism?

A reformation of Confucianism incorporating Buddhist philosophical ideas and classical Confucian texts.

What did Daoism encourage?

Withdrawal to nature and spontaneous behavior.

What is the Dao in Daoism?

The way of nature and underlying principle governing natural phenomena.

What is Nirvana in Buddhism?

A state of enlightenment above greed, hatred, and delusion.

What are the main beliefs of Buddhism?

Ordinary life is an illusion, karma, rebirth, overcoming ego, and meditation.

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

There is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, no desire means no suffering, and follow the eightfold path.

What is the Eightfold Path?

Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

What are the key concepts of Hinduism (Brahman, Atman, Moksha)?

Brahman is the world soul; Atman is the individual soul; Moksha is union with Brahman.

What is Samsure in Hinduism?

Rebirth/reincarnation.

What is Karma in Hinduism?

Social position based on actions.

What are the ranked groups in the Hindu Caste System?

Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, Dalit/Untouchables.

What did the Bhakti Movement in Hinduism encourage?

Worship of one particular Hindu god and spiritual experiences for all.

What are the blended beliefs of Sikhism?

Belief in one god (Muslim) and the cycle of reincarnation (Hindu).

Where did Christianity start?

Started in the Middle East with Jesus who spoke on the side of the poor and oppressed

Who is the savior in Christianity?

Jesus.

What is Islam?

A monotheistic religion that started in the Middle East with god called Allah.

What are the 5 Pillars of Faith in Islam?

Faith, Prayer, Charity, The Fast, Pilgrimage.

What is Sufism?

A more mystical, spiritual experience based version of Islam.

How did Islam spread?

Trades routes across the Sahara spread Islam to Mali (the sand roads), Monarch (Mansa Musa) became Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca

What were the key aspects of Tang-Song China?

Examination system revived, wealth and population growth, innovations, tributary system

What is the Dynastic Cycle?

Emperors ruled by the Mandate of Heaven; bad events meant loss of mandate.

What is the Chinese Tribute System?

Other kingdoms give gifts to China to maintain trade.

What was Korea's relationship with China like?

Trade and peaceful relations.

What Chinese influences affected the elite class in Vietnam?

Elite adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, administrative techniques.

What were the key characteristics of the Byzantine Empire?

Centralized administration, imperial court, laws.

What is Caesaropapism?

Emperor as head of church and state.

What were the key characteristics of the Kievan Rus?

Borrowed architectural styles, Cytillic alphabet, and religious ideals from the Byzantine.

Who were the Aztecs?

Nomadic warriors who collected tribute and created chinampas.

What were the characteristics and innovations of the Inca?

Bureaucracy, terraced farming, quipus, road network.

What is Manorialism?

Self-sufficient estates owned by lords with power over serfs.

What is Feudalism?

Fragmented society with kings, lords, knights, peasants, and serfs.

What was the social hierarchy in Feudal Japan?

Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants, Merchants, Artisans.

What are the key features of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Cosmopolitan, used Sharia Law, had taxation, coinage, and postal services.

What were the innovations of the Golden Age of Islam?

Trigonometry, House of Wisdom, disease prevention, paper making.

How did the Delhi and Mamluk Sultanates operate?

Spread Islam via conquest and implemented Sharia Law.

What were the key features of the Mongol Empire?

Encouraged trade, mobility on horseback, and used military tactics.

What were the key features of the Mali Empire?

Heavy focus on trade and agriculture; Mansa Musa's pilgrimage.

How did the Swahili Coast operate?

Islam spread via sea roads, strengthened trade, and goods were exchanged.

What did Swahili cities bring from the interior of Africa to the coast?

Gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves, iron, and processed timber

What were the key features of Vijayanagara?

Welcomed merchants, encouraged trade, and welcomed Muslims.

What were the key features of Srivijaya?

Rulers drew on indigenous beliefs and encouraged Buddhism.

How did Srivijaya gain income?

taxed ships passing through the Strait of Malacca

What were the key features of Ethiopia?

Christian State that kept good relations with nearby Muslims by sheltering Muhammeds early followers and legitimized rule by tracing ancestry back to Jesus.

What are the key points of Spain's history during this time?

The Iberian Peninsula was ruled by Muslim leaders after military conquest and Christians pushing Muslims out of Spain then later the Jews were forced out as well.

What were the causes and impacts of the Black Death?

Spread through trade routes, caused population loss and labor shortages.

What characterized the Song economy?

Innovations and inventions, Chinese economic rev., Champa rice.

What characterized the Tang economy?

More short distance trade and smaller scale industry.

What were the economic outcomes of the Crusades?

Increased trade and access to Islamic luxury goods.

What areas were brought into the Western Christendom as an outcome of the Crusades?

Spain, Sicily, and Baltic region were brought into the Western Christendom

What innovations did Europeans gain access to because of the Crusades?

Europeans gained access to innovations in sugar production, scholarly writing, shipbuilding, and navigation.

What allowed the Trans-Saharan Trade Route to function?

Arabian camel and the saddle.

What was the motivation for the Trans-Saharan Trade Route?

Gold from Mali.

What were Caravanserai?

Caravanserai: inns for camel caravans, places of cultural exchange

What innovations were part of the Silk Road Trade Route?

Saddle and paper money.

What goods were transported on the Silk Road Trade Route?

Luxury goods like silk, paper, porcelain, and gunpowder.

What innovations were part of the Indian Ocean Trade Routes?

Improvements in sails, new ships, latitude calculation, compass.

What goods were traded on the Indian Ocean Trade Routes?

Textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat, more bulk goods

What were Diasporic Communities?

Communities living outside their homeland while keeping some customs.

What caused the growth of cities?

Location near trade routes and diffusion of crops.

What caused the decline of cities?

Black Plague and no access to trade routes.

What were Zheng He’s Voyages?

Voyages to enroll states in the tribute system and increase trade.

What was the religious layout of the Ottoman Empire?

Majority Islam, Muslim Ruler, Christian minority

What was the Devshirme System?

Young boys were taken from Christian families, then taught Turkish and converted to Islam, trained for government administration or military service

What was Tax Farming?

the right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder

How did Akbar accommodate the Hindu Majority?

Marrying Hindu princesses, incorporating Hindu elites, supporting Hindu temples, mosques, etc.

How did the Ming Dynasty handle taxes?

Combined all taxes into one tax that had to be paid in silver, causing the silver drain

How did the Qing Dynasty handle ethnically Han people?

Ethnically Manchu people ruled over the ethnically Han people and were given higher positions in government

What were the isolationist policies of Tokugawa Japan?

All foreigners kicked out of Japan after Europeans attempts to convert Japanese people to Christianity and Only Dutch were allowed to continue trading and only out of one port

How did King Louis XIV consolidate his power?

King Louis XIV built a large bureaucracy made-up of commoners loyal to him, Army was used to keep people in line and attacked other countries to show power, and The Palace of Versailles

How did the Asante become very rich?

Traded goods like gold, ivory, and enslaved people with European powers, making them very rich

How did the Portuguese create their Trading Post Empire?

Trading Post Empire: controlled commerce, not territories/populations by requiring all merchant vessels to buy a cartaz (pass) and pay taxes.

How did Portuguese and Spain begin transoceanic travel?

State-sponsored exploration by using maneuverable ships, mapmaking, the compass, new means of calculating latitude using Astrolabe, Adoption of Lateen sails, and improved understanding of Indian Ocean wind patterns

What new military technologies aided in warfare?

Ironworking technology, Gunpowder weapons, Maneuverable ships, and Canons on ships

What is the difference between Divine Right Monarchy and the Mandate of Heaven?

Divine Right: Monarch was sent by God to rule the people, the monarch can rule any way they see fit and Mandate of Heaven: the ruler is a Son of Heaven and has the Mandate of Heaven, allowing them to rule.

What caused conflict between the Gunpowder Empires?

Sunni/Shia split caused conflicts between the Safavids, Ottomans, and Mughals (conflicting religious ideologies) and They were constantly expanding into each other's territories

What are similarities and differences between the Spanish and Portuguese Expeditions?

Spanish established colonies in the Philippines, using tribute collection and forced labor to maintain power and Portuguese utilized a trading post empire in the Indian Ocean

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Columbian Exchange: Diseases transported, American foods introduced in Europe, and Animals Introduced to North America

What was the Casta System?

Spanish Colonies: Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, and Slaves

What effects on Africa did the slave trade have?

Slave trade removing peoples from Africa caused economic stagnation and social disruption

How did the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade differ from other Slave Trades?

Slave trade much larger and race-based than Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Slave-Trade

What is Mercantilism?

A state-driven economic system in which wealth is measured in gold and silver, colonies existed only to enrich their imperial parents under this system.

What was the Trans-Atlantic Trade Route?

The Triangle Trade, exporting: Americas (sugar, silver), Western Europe (Silk, Porcelain, Steel), and Africa (Slaves)

What are examples of forced labor systems in the Americas?

Mita System: Communities sent labor to either work on state projects (building churches, roads, etc) or to work in labor groups (silver mines, agriculture, etc. ) Encomienda System: Forced labor led by colonial authorities that employed native people Hacienda: indigenous workers forced to work in fields of large plantations known as Haciendas, centered on land ownership as a way to control the indigenous population Chattel Slavery: slavery in which the purchaser has total ownership over enslaved person, race-based and hereditary Indentured Servitude: laborer would sign a contract that bound them to work for a set period of time, usually 7 years, at the end of which they went free

What were the effects of the Americas on Afro-Eurasia Markets?

Land-routes in Asia were still controlled by land-based empires like Ming, then Qing China, or the Ottoman Empire.No major effects from the Americas on Afro-Eurasia in the time period besides the slave trade in Africa

What was the protestant reformation?

Reforms: The Catholic Church got rid of many of the corrupt practices (selling indulgences, simoney, etc.)Protestants no longer solely relied on the Church for salvation, they instead read the Bible themselves Monumental Architecture:Sun Temple of Cuzco, built by Incas

What were the main Enlightenment Ideas?

Natural Rights: rights that are granted to all people by god or nature, and cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual, The Value of Reason, and Mistrust of Divine Rights Monarchy

What revolutions were influenced by Enlightenment Ideas?

Enlightenment Ideas caused the American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Spanish Latin American Revolutions.

What other movements were influenced by the Enlightenment?

revolutions unification of Italy and Germany.

What were Economic Outcomes and Cultural Outcomes of the Crusades.

Economic Outcomes:Pushed for more trade as Europeans discovered and developed a taste for Islamic luxury goods and New techniques to produce sugar Cultural Outcomes:Spain, Sicily, and Baltic region were brought into the Western Christendom Muslim scholarship and ancient greek texts flowed into Europe

What were the Feminist Movement causes and goals?

Enlightenment ideas: natural rightsGoals of feminist movement: suffrage/right to vote, owning property, divorce/custody of children, employment opportunities, better pay, college opportunities

What factors contributed to the growth of the industrial revolution?

Coal-fired steam engine (fast transportation, limitless power) enabled the start of the industrial revolution,Factory system/specialization of labor. Abundant access to foreign resources

What was part of the 1st Industrial Revolution?

Textiles, iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing, construction

What was part of the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, telegraph, telephone, rubber, printing

What social classes were there as a result of the industrial revolution?

Upper Class: Aristocracy, Manufacturing Owners, Business Owners Upper Middle Class: Bankers, Merchants, Businessmen, doctors Lower Middle Class: clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police Laboring Class: manual labor workers in mines, ports, factories, etc.

Russian “Industrialization”, Latin American and Egyptian Industrialization all were different.

Russian Industrialization: workers suffered through 13 hour workdays, poor working and living conditions, and ruthless discipline and disrespect from supervisors, 1905 Russian Revolution, which was put down by the Tsar Latin American Industrialization: dependent on investment from the U.S. and European companies to industrialize Egyptian Industrialization: Used state-sponsored industrialization toBuild textile and weapons factories Build textile and weapons factories

Please define Nationalism and Social Darwinism

Nationalism: describes a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and that is often linked with a desire for self-rule within a territory Social Darwinism: if only the fittest survive and thrive in nature

How did the Geographical Focus shift during Imperialism?

1450-1750: Americas, Asia, Southeast Asia 1750-1900: Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia

What are Settler Colonies?

Settler Colonies: A colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and send its own people to set up an outpost of their own society