Electrolyte and Osmolality Normal Ranges and Significance of Abnormal Values

Flashcards for reviewing normal electrolyte and osmolality ranges and the significance of their abnormal values.

Hypernatremia

Elevated sodium levels; Causes include dehydration, kidney disease, hypercortisolism

Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels; Causes include fluid overload, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency

Hyperkalemia

Elevated potassium levels; Causes include dehydration, kidney disease, acidosis, adrenal insufficiency, crush injuries

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels; Causes include fluid overload, diuretic therapy, alkalosis, insulin administration, hyperaldosteronism

Hypercalcemia

Elevated calcium levels; Causes include hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels; Causes include vitamin D deficiency, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease, excessive intake of phosphorus

Hyperchloremia

Elevated chloride levels; Causes include metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, hypercortisolism

Hypochloremia

Low chloride levels; Causes include fluid overload, excessive vomiting or diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency, diuretic therapy

Hypermagnesemia

Elevated magnesium levels; Causes include kidney disease, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency

Hypomagnesemia

Low magnesium levels; Causes include malnutrition, alcoholism, ketoacidosis

High Osmolality

High osmolality; Causes include dehydration, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia

Low Osmolality

Low osmolality; Causes include fluid overload, hyponatremia, hypoproteinemia, malnutrition