Kines 330 Exam 3

Who's view of the Cardiovascular system was the most widely accepted? And who's view is the most current of the cardiovascular system?

Galen

and then Harvey

What are the (5) major functions of the cardio vascular system?

1. Transport 02 to tissues and remove metabolic by-products (CO2 and lactate) and waste

2. Transport nutrients to tissues

3. Transport hormones to tissues

4. Regulation of body temperature

5. Immune function

What are the two major goals of the cardiovascular system?

1. Maintain adequate (not excessive) blood pressure

2. Meet Metabolic (Energy:ATP Production) demand of tissue

Is there more muscle in the left or right ventricle?

Left

Capillaries?

Smallest and most numerous site of gas exchange

What is the myocardium? And what two things does it do?

The heart wall (cardiac muscle). Provides contraction, and receives blood supply via coronary arteries.

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

Cardiac tissue death due to lack of blood flow

What are the 4 properties of cardiac cells? And which one of those properties is unique to cardiac cells?

1. Excitability
2. Inherent rhythmicity (unique)
3. Conductivity
4. Contractility

Excitability?

The ability to respond to a stimulus

Inherent rhythmicity?

Can depolarize without stimulus from the nervous system

Conductivity?

Ability to spread the wave of depolarization

Contractility?

Ability to contract in response to a stimulus

What is the conduction Pathway of the heart (7 steps)?

1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
2. Internodal Pathway
3. Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
4. Bundle of His
5. Bundle Branches
6. Purkinje Fibers
7. Ventricular Cells

SA node? How fast would the SA node beat if it was in total control? And what is that called?

The pace maker of the heart, it sets the rhythm.Wants to beat at 100 bpm. Inherent rhythmicity.

What does ECG or EKG stand for? And what is it?

Electrocardiogram. It is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

What does the P wave represent? What is one P wave to another P wave?

Atrial depolarization. One heart beat is P wave to P wave

What does the QRS complex represent? and how much time between R intervals?

Ventricular depolarization/ Atrial Repolarization
0.8 Seconds

What does the T wave represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles.

STUDY IMAGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR POWER POINT.

STUDY

What is Arterial Blood pressure? Why is adequate blood pressure needed? And what allows for circulation?

Force exerted by blood on arterial walls. To circulate the blood to all parts of the body. The pressure generated during the cardiac cycle.

What is Systolic BP? Diastolic BP?

Blood pressure during the contraction phase of the heart.

Blood pressure during the relaxation phase of the heart.

What is normal Blood Pressure? (Systolic/ Diastolic)

120/80 mmHg

How do you solve for pulse pressure?

PP \= SBP -DBP

How do you solve for MAP?

MAP \= DBP + 0.33 (SBP - DBP)

What is hypertension? give numbers as well.

High blood pressure.

above 140/90 mmHg

Effects of hypertension medications on HR, BP, and Exercise Capacity:

Beta Blocker?

HR: Decreases in Rest and EX
BP: Decreases in Rest and EX
EC: Decreases

Effects of hypertension medications on HR, BP, and Exercise Capacity:

Ca++ channel blocker?

HR: Increase/No change for Rest and EX
BP: Decreases for Rest and EX
EC: No change

Effects of hypertension medications on HR, BP, and Exercise Capacity:

Diuretics?

HR: No change for Rest and EX
BP: decrease for Rest, no change for EX
EC: No change

5 Factors that influence Arterial Pressure?

1. Blood Volume increases
2. Heart Rate increases
3. Stroke Volume increases
4. Peripheral Resistance increases
5. Blood Viscosity Increases

Of the 5 factors that influence arterial pressure: which 3? are short term control? And which 2 are long term?

Short Term:
Heart Rate Increases
Stroke Volume Increases
Peripheral Resistance Increases

Long Term:
Blood Volume Increases
Blood Viscosity Increases

The three short term controls for arterial pressure equal what? and what is TPR?

MAP \= CO x TPR

Total Peripheral Resistance

What is Cardiac Output and how is it determined?

The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. Determined by the need to deliver O2 to working tissues and to remove the metabolic by-products.

How do you calculate CO? what is Average CO?

CO (L/min) \= HR x SV

5 (L/min)

In the equation "CO (L/min) \= HR x SV" what is SV? and what is more important in determining CO, SV or HR?

SV is Stroke Volume, or volume per beat

SV is more important.

What is End-Diastolic volume?

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

aka Preload.

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

Shows if you increase increase EDV you will increase SV.

What is the Primary factor of increasing EDV?

Venous Return

What are the factors (3) impacting venous return during exercise?

1. Venoconstriction
2. Muscle Pump
3. Respiratory Pump

Venoconstriction?

Decreasing blood vessel size

Muscle Pump?

The activity of muscle will increase venous return by squeezing the blood vessels.

Respiratory pump

Blood will move from an area of high pressure to low pressure.

What is Aortic Pressure?

Pressure against which the heart must work will limit amount of blood pumped.

aka Afterload

What is the relationship between SV and aortic pressure?

the are inversely related

When is an increase in afterload minimized and why?

Exercise, due to dilatation of arterioles in working muscles.

What is contractility due to?

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Circulating catecholamines
- norepinephrine from cardiac accelerator nerves.

What Controls Heart Rate?

Medulla Oblongata

Sympathetic input (increase epi/norepinephrine which increases HR)

Parasympathetic input (Release of AcH causes decrease in HR

Both SI and PI effect SA node.

What are some other factors that control Heart Rate?

RT atrial Pressure
Core Temperature
Metabolic Demand

What is Stroke Volume Controlled by?

End Diastolic Volume
Aortic Pressure
Contractility

How do you calculate stroke volume?

EDV - ESV

An increase in Preload will cause what?

Increase in EDV causing and Increase in SV

An increase in Afterload will cause what?

Increase in ESV causing decrease in SV

An increase in Contractility will cause what?

Decrease in ESV causing increase in SV

What inhibits cardiac rate? What stimulates cardiac Rate?

Inhibit: Parasympathetic Nerves
Stimulate: Sympathetic Nerves

What inhibits SV?

Mean Aterial Pressure?

Hank Gathers died from what?

Hypertrophic Cadiomyopathy

What are the physical characteristics of blood? and what is hematocrit (normal value)?

Blood is split into plasma and cells

Percentage of blood composed of cells. 42%

What is plasma?

The liquid portion of blood, contains ions, proteins, and hormones.

What are the three types of blood Cells and what do they do?

RBC: Contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen

WBC: Important in preventing infection

Platlets: Important in blood clotting?

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

Tunica Externia
Tunica Media
- Smooth Fibers
- Elastic fibers (dialation/constriction)
Tunica Intima

Resistance to flow is related to what? Which is the most important piece of flow?

length of the vessel, viscosity of the blood and the radius of the vessel. Radius

What is the equation for resistance to flow?

Resistance \= (Length x viscosity)/ Radius^4

How does the CV system make adjustments to blood flow during exercise?

Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is many times greater than at rest.

Increased O2 delivery is accomplished by:
- Increased Cardiac Output
-Redistribution of blood flow to skeletal muscle.x

Whats Fick Equation Definition?

Oxygen consuption is directly proportional to both cardiac output and (a-v)O2 diff

Whats the Fick Equation?

VO2 \= CO x (a-v)O2diff

What is (a-v)O2diff?

Arterial Mixed Venous oxygen content difference

Represents the amount of oxygen removed from 100 ml of blood as it travels through the body

Whats another name for (a-v)O2diff?

oxygen extraction

How does cardiac output change with exercise?

Increases linearly with incremental exercise.

How does Stroke Volume change with exercise

Increases linearly up to 40-50% of VO2 max then stays at this level.

How does Heart Rate change with exercise?

HR increases linearly w/ incremental exercise

How does (a-v)O2diff change with exercise?

Increases greatly until about 50% of VO2 max then increase more slightly.

What types of changes happening to blood pressure during aerobic exercise?

Systolic: 1 MET increase in intensity \= 10 mmHg raise in systolic

Diastolic: Slight linear increase

MAP: Almost no change maybe slight decrease

How many mL of blood flow during rest? Where is the majority of that blood flow?

How many mL of blood flow during exercise? Where is the majority of that blood flow?

REST: 5000 mL, Liver 27%, Kidney 22%

Exercise: 25000 mL, muscles 84%

What are the circulatory responses to exercise?

Pre Exercise Increases

From Rest to exercise, HR, SV, CO increase very rapidly and reach steady state 2-3 minutes

Recovery is generally rapid, but depends on length and intensity of exercise.

How do you calculate for the Rate-Pressure Product (Double Product)? What does it reflect? How does it differ in exercise from rest? It is used as an indicator of what?

RPP \= HR x SBP

Metabolic demand on heart

Can be 5x higher at max exercise

stress

At the same oxygen uptake, why is Arm work result in higher blood pressure and heart rate?

Due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass (legs).

Due to higher sympathetic stimulation.

What is cardiovascular drift? and why does it happen?

During Prolonged exercise, CO remains constant but SV declines and HR goes up.

Due to decrease in plasma volume (sweat) causes a decrease in SV

Training Oxygen consumption will show what Response to graded exercise?

Training will increase VO2 max only in maximal intensity exercise.

Effect of training on CO response to graded exercise?

CO will increase for trained individuals only at maximal intensity.

Effect of training on stoke volume response to graded exercise?

Stroke volume increases with training.

Effect of training on HR response to Graded exercise?

Resting HR decreases with Training, no change in max HR

Effect of training on Blood Pressure response to Graded exercise?

Training decreases BP in sub max exercise

Effect of training on Oxygen Extraction response to Graded exercise?

At higher intensity there is more oxygen extraction with training

Changes in mitochondria with training?

Reduced reliance on anaerobic pathways

Increase in \# of mitochondria with training

When you stop training mitochondria will decrease

What 5 things control the cardiovascular control center?

Central Command (Higher Brain Centers)
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Hypothalamus
Muscle Afferents

Of those 5 things that control the cardiovascular control center which are feed forward and which are feed back? And what is feed forward?

FF: Flight of Fight Mechanism
-Centeral Command

FB
-Chemoreceptors
-Baroreceptors
-Hypothalamus
-Muscle Afferents

What do these do?

-Chemoreceptors
-Baroreceptors
-Hypothalamus

Chemoreceptors: Chemical Signals (CO2,O2,pH)
Baroreceptors: Stretch Receptors
Hypothalamus: Thermoregulation

Heart rate changes with Endurance training?

Stroke Volume changes with Endurance training?

(a-v)O2diff changes with Endurance training?

Rest : v / Sub Max Ex: v / Max Ex:

Cardiac Output changes with Endurance training?

VO2 changes with Endurance training?

Systolic Blood Pressure changes with Endurance training?

Rest :

Diastolic Blood Pressure changes with Endurance training?

Mean Arterial Blood pressure changes with Endurance training?

Total Peripheral Resistance changes with Endurance training?

Rest :

Coronary Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Brain Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Visceral Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Rest : v / Sub Max Ex: v / Max Ex: ^

Rest :

Inactive Muscle Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Active Muscle Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Skin Blood Flow changes with Endurance training?

Rest :

Blood Volume changes with Endurance training?

Plasma Volume changes with Endurance training?

Red blood cell mass changes with Endurance training?

Heart Volume changes with Endurance training?

Rest: ^

Rest: ^

Rest:

The combination of what two things creates the Respiratory System?

Pulmonary Respiration (gas exchange at lungs)

Cellular Respiration (gas exchange at tissue)

What are the 4 Functions of the Respiratory System?

1. Exchange of oxygen
2. Elimination of Carbon Dioxide
3. Regulate the blood's hydrogen Ion concentration (pH)
4. Form Speech Sounds (phonation)

The pulmonary structure is divided into what two Gross structures? What do they do?

Conducting zone: Heats and moisturizes

Respiratory zone: Gas Exchange

Where does gas exchange occur? What does surfactant do?

Gas exchange occurs in the Alveoli (Alveolar Cell)


Surfactant prevents the total collapse of alveolar cell

What is the mechanics of inspiration and expiration? And what is normal atmospheric pressure?

The diaphragm creates a pressure difference and air moves from high to low pressure.

760 mmHg

How do the respiratory muscles work for inspiration and expiration? Can Respiratory muscles fatigue or adapt to training?

Inspiration: Contraction of diaphragm
Expiration: Relaxation of Diaphragm

Yes, they can fatigue and adapt to training like an other skeletal muscle.

Airflow depends on what two things? And what is the equation for Airflow

-Pressure difference between two ends of airway
-Resistance of airways

Airflow \= (P1 -P2)/ Resistance

Resistance depends on what? And two things that can increase resistance?

Diameter

Asthma and exercise induced asthma
Chronic obstructive lung disease