Back, Thorax and Abdomen

axial skeleton

cranium

vertebral column

ribs

sternum

how many total vertebrae

33

how many cervical vertebrae

7

how many thoracic vertebrae

12

how many lumbar vertebrae

5

how many sacral vertebrae

5

how many coccygeal vertebrae

4

lordosis

convex anteriorly

kyphosis

concave anteriorly

what vertebrae are lordosis

cervical and lumbar

what vertebrae are kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

movement of the vertebral column

extension/flexion

lateral flexion

rotation

vertebral arch

consists of two pedicles and laminae

pedicles

short processes that project from the vertebral body

laminae

short, broad, flat plates

vertebral foramen

vertebral arch and posterior portion of vertebral body

vertebral notches

superior and inferior to the pedicle

function of spinous and transverse processes

provide attachment for deep back muscles

serve as levers, facilitating muscles that fix or change the position of vertebrae

atlanto-occipital joint

C1 and base of occiput

motion of atlanto-occipital joint (sagittal)

flexion and extension

atlantoaxial joint

C1 on C2

atlantoaxial joint motion (transverse)

rotation

alar ligament

attach cranium to C2

prevents excessive rotation

ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint

transverse ligament

cruciate ligament

transverse ligament

pocket for DENS

cruciate ligament

longitudinal bands

tectorial membrane of the atlantoaxial joint

continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

lumbar vertebrae spinous processes extend _______

vertically

lumbar facets extend ______ and move more _______ moving inferiorly.

sagittally, frontally

thoracic vertebrae look like what animal?

giraffe

sacrum

composed of 5 fused vertebrae

joints of the vertebral column

zygapophysial joints (facet)

plane synovial joints (facet)

Joints of the vertebral column are supplied by _____ branches of the _____ rami of spinal nerves.

medial, posterior

intervertebral discs

crisscross pattern of the different layers of the annular wall provides the additional strength required to house the nucleus pulps under weight bearing stresses

anterior longitudinal ligament

strong fibrous band that covers the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies

extends from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of C1

posterior longitudinal ligament

thin and weaker ligament

runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

inter transverse ligament

connecting adjacent transverse processes

supraspinous ligament

strong fibrous band

connecting the tips of the spinous process

extends from C7 to sacrum

interspinous ligament

attach from the root to the apex of each spinous process

ligamenta flava

extend vertically from the laminate above to laminate below

form a posterior wall to the vertebral column

help maintain the vertebral curve

nuchal ligament

external occipital protuberance to C7

provides attachment for muscles that attach to spinous processes of other levels

arteries of the spine

anterior spinal artery

poster spinal artery

deep spinal artery

arteries of the spinal cord

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

What branch of the major cervical supply the vertebrae?

periosteal and equatorial

the spine has both _____ and _____ vertebral venous plexuses.

internal and external

The spine has both _____ and _____ spinal veins.

anterior and posterior

____ branches of the _____ rami innervate the facet joints

medial, posterior

the vertebral column is innervated by the _________ ________ branches of spinal nerves

recurrent meningeal

_____ supply the periosteum, annuli fibrosis and ligaments

nociceptors

_______ fibers are found in the annuli fibrosis and ligaments

proprioceptive

Meningeal branches supply:

periosteum

ligamenta flava

annuli fibrosis, IV discs

posterior longitudinal ligament

spinal dura mater

dura mater

outermost covering of the spinal cord

dura mater is innervated by the

recurrent meningeal nerves

dura mater is separated by the

periosteum-covered bone by the epidural space

arachnoid mater

avascular membrane that lines the dural sac and dural root sheaths

arachnoid mater is separated from the Pia mater via the

subarachnoid space and CSF

pia mater

innermost covering membrane of the spinal cord

splenius capitis origin

nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-3 or 4

splenius capitis insertion

fibers run super-laterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral 1/3 of the superior nuchal line of occipital bone

splenius capitis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

splenius capitis function

unilaterally: ipsilateral side bend and head rotation

bilaterally: head and neck extension

splenius cervicis origin

nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3 or 4

splenius cervicis insertion

tubercles of transverse processes of C1-3 or 4

splenius cervicis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

splenius cervicis function

unilaterally: ipsilateral side bend and head rotation

bilateral: head and neck extension

erector spinae group

iliocostalis

longissimus

spinalis

iliocostalis origin

arise by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament

longissimus origin

arise by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament

spinalis origin

arise by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament

iliocostalis insertion

fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes

iliocostalis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

longissimus innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

spinalis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

iliocostalis function

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column and ipsilateral rotation of the spine

bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head, as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction

longissimus insertion

thoracis, cervicis, capitis; fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, and to mastoid process of temporal bone

longissimus function

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column and ipsilateral rotation of the spine

bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contractions

spinalis insertion

fibers run superiorly to spinous process in the upper thoracic region and to cranium; spinals: thoracic, cervicis, capitis; fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and to cranium

spinalis function

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column and ipsilateral rotation of spine

bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction

What muscle structure is this?

erector spinae group

What muscle is this?

splenius capitis

What muscle is this?

splenius cervicis

semispinalis origin

transverse processes of T12-C4

semispinalis insertion

fibers run superomedially to the occipital bone and spinous processes int he thoracic and cervical spine spanning 4-6 segments

semispinalis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

semispinalis function

extends the head, thoracic and cervical regions of the vertebral column, contralateral rotation of the spine

multifidis origin

arises from posterior sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, sacroiliac ligaments, mammillary processes of lumbar processes of T1-3 and articular processes of C4-7

multifidis insertion

thickest in the lumbar region, fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire length of the spinous processes, located 2-4 segments superior to proximal attachment

multifidis innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

multifis function

stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column, also aides in contralateral rotation of the spine

rotatores origin

transverse processes of vertebrae, best developed in the thoracic region

rotatores insertion

fibers pass superomedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process or spinous of vertebrae immediately or 2 segments superior to vertebra of attachment

rotatores innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

rotatores function

stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of the vertebral column (contralateral rotation)

iinterspinales origin

superior surfaces of spinous process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

interspinales insertion

inferior surface of spinous processes of vertebra superior to vertebra of origin

interspinales innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

interspinales function

aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column

intertransversari origin

transverse process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

intertransversari insertion

transverse process of adjacent vertebrae

intertransversari innervation

posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves