BIOL 319 TAMU Cohn exam 1

Define Anatomy

the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures

Define Developmental Anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Define Embryology

subspecialty of developmental anatomy, studies changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development

Define Cytology

examines the structural features of cells

Define Histology

examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

Define Gross Anatomy

the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

How is the body studied in regional anatomy?

area by area

Define System

a group of structures that have one or more common function

Define Surface Anatomy

involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

Who was the first medical scientist to use x-rays?

Wilhelm Roentgen

Define Physiology

the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

What are the major goals of studying human physiology?

to understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment

Define Cell Physiology

examines the processes occurring in cells

Define Systemic Physiology

considers the functions of organ systems

Define Pathology

the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease

Name the six levels at which the body can be studied

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Define Organization

refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism

Define Metabolism

all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism

Define Responsiveness

an organism's ability to sense changes in its internal or external environment

Define Differentiation

involves changes in a cell's structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state

Define Morphogenesis

the change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

Define Reproduction

the formation of new cells or new organisms

Who is considered the first modern anatomist?

Andreas Vesalius

Define Homeostasis

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Give two examples of homeostatic mechanisms

sweating and shivering

Define Negative-Feedback

the response to the original stimulus results in deflation from the set point, becoming smaller

What are the three components of a negative feedback mechanism?

receptor, control center, effector

What is the function of a receptor?

monitors the value of a variable

What is the function of the control center?

establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and effectors

What is the function of an effector?

adjusts the value of the variable back toward the set point

Define Positive-Feedback

response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point becoming even greater

What are the two basic principles of positive feedback?

1. many disease states result from failure of negative feedback systems to maintain homeostasis

2. some positive feedback systems can be detrimental instead of helpful

What are the organs of the integumentary system?

skin and accessory structures such as hair, glands, and nails

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion

What is the Epidermis?

the superficial layer of skin made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

T/F:

The epidermis is highly vascular

false

What is the function of keratinocytes?

produce the protein keratin to make cells more durable

What is the function of melanocytes?

produce the pigment melanin

Langerhans cells

part of the immune system

merkel cells

associated with nerve endings, responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum basale

deepest portion of epidermis, made of cuboidal/columnar cells

stratum spinosum

8-10 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells

stratum lucidum

thin, clear zone above stratum granulosum made of dead cells with indistinct boundaries

stratum corneum

25+ layers of overlapping squamous cells

cornfield cells

dead cells with hard protein envelope and filled with keratin

thick skin

has all 5 strata and the stratum corneum has many layers

where is thick skin found?

found in areas subject to lots of pressure and friction, hairless

thin skin

more flexible than thick skin, covers the rest of the body, strata are thinner, has hair

dermis

connective tissues

what cells are in the dermis?

fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages

T/F:

The dermis contains mostly collagen fibers, but some elastic and reticular fibers

true

T/F:

the dermis is avasuclar

false

Papillary layer

loose connective tissue with thin fibers, give us fingerprints

reticular layer

dense irregular connective tissue, main layer of dermis, elastic and collagen fibers create cleavage lines

subcutaneous tissue

attaches skin to underlying bone and muscle, supplies skin with blood vessels and nerves, stores lipids

What is the subcutaneous tissue made of

loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Hair shaft

protrudes above the surface of the skin

Hair root

located below the surface of the skin, base expands to form the hair bulb

What are the 3 concentric layers of dead keratinized epithelial cells?

medulla, cortex, cuticle

hair medulla

central axis of the hair

hair cortex

surrounds medulla and forms the bulk of the hair

hair cuticle

single layer of cells containing hard keratin

hair follicle

tubelike invagination of epidermis that extends into the dermis, where the hair develops and grows

dermal root sheath

dermis that surrounds epithelial root sheath

function of the epithelial root sheath

holds hair in place

growth stage of hair

hair increases in length as new matrix cells are produced

resting stage of hair

no hair growth

arrector pilli

muscle that pulls hair follicle into upright position

sebaceous glands

alveolar glands that produce sebum along with the holocrine glands

what are the two types of sweat glands

eccrine and apocrine

eccrine glands

regulate body temperature, most common type of sweat gland, merocrine glands

(dermis)

apocrine glands

cause of body oder, open into hair follicles, found in axillae and genitalia and around the anus, become active at puberty

ceruminous glands

modified eccrine glands in the ear canal, release cerumin

mammary glands

modified apocrine glands in the breasts that produce milk

___________ nail root and _________ nail body

proximal, distal

T/F:

The nail fold covers lateral edges

true

T/F:

nail grove holds the middle of the nail in place

false

Cuticle

part of skin that grows onto nail body

hyponychium

portion of stratum corneum under free edge of nail body

function of the nail matrix

forms nail root

nail bed

attaches to nail; between nail matrix and hyponychium

lunula

portion of nail bed that appears whitish

what is a burn?

injury to a tissue cause by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

partial-thickness burns are classified as

first and second degree burns

first degree burn

involve only epidermis and may result in redness, pain, and slight swelling

second degree burn

damage epidermis and dermis

full thickness burns

third degree burns

third degree burn

epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed along with sensory receptors and deeper tissue may be involved; painless

What are the four major parts of the skeletal system?

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

body support, organ protection, body movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

chondroblasts

produce a matrix surrounding themselves

chondrocyte

a chondroblast surrounded by the matrix, occupies a lacuna

perichondrium

protective connective tissue sheath

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves

two types of cartilage growth

appositional and interstitial

appositional growth

chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage

interstitial growth

chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells

three types of bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts