Cardiac study guide

What are the three layers of the heart

• myocardium

• pericardium

• endocardium

Hypertensive heart disease

thickening of the heart muscle and enlargement of the heart

infective heart disease

bacteria infect part of the heart

angina pectoralis

chest pain

CAD

caused by lack of nutrients and O2 supplies to the heart muscle resulting in myocardial ischemia

Ischemia

being a reduction in the blood supply to one area of the heart causing hypoxia

Hypoxia

being a lack of oxygen in the tissues

Risk factors for athrosclerosis

• age

• gender

• family history

• hyperlipedemia

• smoking

• hypertension

• sedentary lifestyle

• diabetes mellitus

• response to stree

CHF

loss of effective pumping; lowered cardiac output

Left side heart failure results in what presentation

pulmonary edema and reduces blood output to the systemic circulation

Right side heart failure results in diminished

flow to the lungs and left side of the heart as well as generalized edema

MI

commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.

What shows up in testing with MI

• elevated troponin levels and ST-segment changes on an ECG

• rise in AST

• rise in CKMB

• rise in LDH

• rise in myoglobin

• rise in BNP or NT-proBNP

CK elevates in MI why

its a marker for muscle tissue that gets released when damage to the heart occurs

CKMB

is specific to cardiac muscle

CK RI calculation

RI=[CKMB/totalCK activity]x100

• if RI >2.5% there is likely heart damage

• RI>5-6% is a definite cardiac source of CK results and/or MI

Myoglobin rises when

muscle tissue is damaged, including during heart attacks.

Myoglobin is sensitive for detecting MI…

in the early stages

Myoglobin is used now to…

rule out Mi when event timing is known

BNP indicates

stress/ stretch on the myocardial wall

BNP is used for

diagnosis and monitoring of CHF

Tropinin is made of

three proteins: troponin C, I, and T.

What makes troponin special

its found only in cardiac muscle and its sensitive and specific to cardiac damage

Homocysteine is a powerful inducer of

atherosclerosis

What deficiencies can result in increased values of homocysteine

Deficiencies in vitamins B6, B12, and folate can result in increased values of homocysteine.

Hs-CRP is primarily used for

assessing inflammation and  

Determining risk of future cardiac events

PLAC/Lp-PLA2 is used for

a specific marker for vascular inflammation assessing cardiovascular risk and stroke events

Which class of lipid has a role in inflammatory responses?

Prostaglandins