C13.4 Organic: polymers

What are the monomers of addition polymerisation

Small alkenes

What happens during addition polymerisation of alkenes

Double bond is broken and C-C bonds formed end to end between monomers

Is the product of addition polymerisation saturated or unsaturated

Saturated

If there are n ethenes then how many [CH2-CH2] units are in the polymer

N

What is a repeating unit of a polymer

Version of the alkene monomer without double bonds

How to name polymer

Poly-[alkene monomer]

Conditions for addition polymerisation vary but usually involve

High pressure + catalyst

Condensation polymerisation

Monomers join to produce polymer + other small molecule eg H2O/HCl

How many types of monomer are involved in addition polymerisation

1

How many types of monomer molecules are often involved in condensation polymerisation

2

What must monomer molecules have for condensation polymerisation

At least 2 functional groups

For a monomer to be involved in condensation polymerisation, do its functional groups have to be the same or different

Either

2 main types of condensation polymers

Polyesters, polyamides

Ester bond involves which functional groups combining

Carboxyl group + hydroxyl group

What kind of molecules have a carboxyl group

Carboxylic acid

What kind of molecules have a hydroxyl group

Alcohol

Carboxyl group formula

COOH

Hydroxyl group formula

(C)OH

Ester bond formula

C(O)OC

What happens when carboxyl group and hydroxyl group react

Ester bond formed + H2O molecule released

Suffix of a hydrocarbon with 2 OH functional groups

Diol

Suffix of a molecule with two COOH groups

-dicarboxylic acid

Repeat unit of a polyester

C=O at one end, C-O at other

Amine group formula

NH2

Which functional groups are needed to form an amine bond

Carboxyl group and amine group

What kind of reaction forms polyamides

Condensation

Amine linkage/peptide bond formula

CONH

Peptide bond what is the C bonded to

[rest of chain], =O and -N

What is the water molecule from in condensation between carboxyl group and amine group

OH of carboxyl + H of amine

What is the water molecule from in condensation between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

OH of carboxyl + H of hydroxyl

Hexane with two amine groups

Diaminohexane

Repeat unit of polyamide

C=O at one end, N-H at other

Trailing bonds are on which atoms of polyamide repeat unit

C and N

Trailing bonds are on which atoms of polyester

O and O

Amide linkages can also be called

Peptide bonds

What are proteins

Amino acid polymer folded to particular shape

What is bonded to central carbon atom of amino acid

Amino group, carboxyl group, R group, H

Amino acid functional groups

COOH/carboxyl and NH2/amine

Biodegradable polymers break down to produce

Natural products eg CO2, N2, H2O

What normally breaks down biodegradable polymers

Microorganisms/enzymes

Are most polymers biodegradable

No

Why are some polymers resistant to breakdown by microorganisms/enzymes

Strong bonds in long hydrocarbon chains

What kind of bonds are often found in biodegradable polymers

Ester/peptide bonds