Ancient Rome Art & Architecture Final Exam

Where was Hadrian from?

spain

Who did Hadrian marry?

Trajan's niece, Sabina

Who is Hadrian descended from?

his grandfather was married to Trajan's aunt, Trajan became Hadrians guardian after the death of his father

When did Hadrian die?

August 8 117 BC

made of marble, the beard is reminiscent of greek culture bc he was a greekling, he is sculpted in his 40's and stays that way throughput them.

Fragmentary Bust of Hadrian

there are more sculptures of Hadrian than any other emperor other than AUGUSTUS.

Head of a Roman Herm, copy of a bronze portrait of Pericles

from victor Emmanuel ii monument, she also never ages.

Veiled Bust of Sabina

Hadrian loved Antonius s and traveled with him for some time, was madly involve w him. standing in contra-pastor.

Antonius in the guise of Apollo from Delphi

Antonius in the guise of an Egyptian pharaoh

from acro di portobello, personification of campus martius, Sabina is being carried to eternity w a torch.

Apotheosis of Sabina, from Arco di Portagallo

Arch of Constantine

tondi, from a lost monument in Rome, used in arch of Constantine

Boar hunt and sacrifice to Apollo

considered to be the best-preserved roman temple, columns are monolithic, made in Egypt and brought to rome

The Pantheon

oculus was never covered, the elements (water) always seeped through

concrete drum and rotunda, open area at the top is the oculus (27 ft across)

When did Trajan adopt Hadrian?

August 11th

Hadrian loved....?

greek culture bc he was an educated man

completed by John burge, was the largest interior space without immediate support in the world

Restored cutaway view of the Pantheon

Lateral Section of the Pantheon

What did Hadrian do when Antonius died?

he wanted him to be deified bc he loved him so he was deified in the west but not in Italy. Antoninus died drowning in a shallow river in Egypt but its rumored that he was murdered.

aeternitas

eternity

ustrinum

funerary pyre

aerial view of Hadrian's villa

What does pantheon mean?

gods or many gods, temple was built to honor all the gods

what is the pantheon used for today?

a church

not a theater, named maritime bc its surrounded by a circular moat and needs a boat or bridge to access, its a small 4 quadrant retreat used as a place for relaxation

Island Villa (teatro marittimo) on Hadrians villas

tribute to the nile in Egypt

Canopus in hadrians villa

named after an Egypt pharaoh "romantic" area, has a pumpkin vault in the arch and a great outdoor dining feature w/ small baths

serapeum, at hadrians villa

built by Hadrian, peripteral, (greek influenced), Venus temple faces the colosseum, Roma temple faces the forum

Temple of Venus and Roma

dedicated by his successor in 145, was a temple for the deified Hadrian

Temple of Hadrian

reliefs from temple of Hadrian, dedicated in 145, believed to be at the top surrounding the temple of hadrian

personified roman provinces and arms of armor

similar to the tomb of Augustus, began in 125 finished in 140, famous casa st. Angelo, this building was converted into a people getaway

mausoleum of Hadrian

Who did Hadrian adopt?

Lucius Aelius Ceaser in 136, he died in 138 and then Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius

Who does Antoninus Pius adopt?

Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius

When did Antoninus Pius rule?

138-161

Did Marcus Aurelius co-rule with someone?

yes, he ruled with Lucius from 161-169 BC

Marcus ruled alone when?

after the death of Lucius from 169-180

Who rules after Marcus Aurelius?

his son Commodus, from 180-192

wearing cuirass & paludamentum

bust of Antoninus Pius

cuirass

breastplate armor

paludamentum

cloak worn by officials and military officers in Ancient Rome

he is one of the few emperors who we actually see age and grow throughout his sculptures

bust of a young Marcus Aurelius

from lost arch of Marcus Aurelius

detail of the head of Marcus Aurelius in the triumph panel

suggests that he is granting clemency

equestrian of Marcus Aurelius

clemency

the process by which a governor, president, or administrative board may reduce a defendant's sentence or grant a pardon

made of silver

cuirassed bust of Lucius Verus

from esquiline hill, holding an apple brings prosperity in the cornucopia, refers to Romulus and remus

bust of Commodus in the guise of Hercules

kneeling amazon & globe, pedestals of the bust of Commodus in the guise of Hercules

propaganda showing the idea of succession

Hadrian and the Antonine emperors from the great Antonine altar

column was lost, wasn't decorated the same as the trajan column, the left is the dicursio, the right is the apotheosis of faustina & antoniinus

pedestal of the column of Antoninus Pius

pedestal of the column of Antoninus, this is the first time we see an apotheosis for the empress & emperor. Venus, Romulus 7 remus & the campus marts are all symbolized.

apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and faustina the elder

pedestal of column of Antoninus, beginning of an aerial circular almost 3D view, the soldiers are on both sides one for antennas & one for faustina

decursio

relief panel from lost arch of Marcus Aurelius, arch was torn down

Marcus Aurelius granting clemency

Marcus Aurelius, sacrificing, relief a lost arch of Marcus Aurelius

column of Marcus Aurelius

personification of thunderstorm or rain as a savior

miracle of the rain, detail of spinal frieze on column o Marcus Aurelius

first temple dedicated to an empress, in the forum, began in 141 rededicated in 161

temple of faustina the elder

rededicated as the temple of antoninus & faustina

temple of faustina the elder looking northwest

1st emperor from South Africa Septimius proclaimed himself son of marcus Aurelius

bust of Septimius Severus

group portrait of Septimius, Julia domna, Caracalla & Geta

bust of Caracalla

head of Caracalla

forum romanum, celebrates victory over the Parthians, reliefs inspired by the spinal reliefs on the column, across from arch of Augustus, shows the season, gods of earth, used spoils

west side of the arch of Septimius Severus

spinal frieze design, inspired by column of Marcus Aurelius

war against the Parthians, panel relief on the arch of Septimius

forum boarium, side of a church, uses imperial propaganda in its reliefs, they borrowed these reliefs from other monuments

arch of the argentarii

sacrificing bulls underneath

Parthian captives, panel relief on the west end of the arch of argentarii

relief panel on the east side of the passageway of the arch of argentarii

Septimius Severus, Julia domna, and Geta sacrificing

relief panel of the west side of the passageway of the arch of argentarii

caracalla, plantilla (erased), and plautianus (erased) sacrificing

started by Septimius, finished by caracalla, used as libraries, swimming pools (natation), shops, meeting areas, all purpose convention center , the caldarium is important so had a dome.

plan of the baths of caracalla dedicated 216

what is the significance of the arch of argentarii?

gateway of the money changers, involved in cattle trading, buying and selling them. an area where livestock would be brought in. was a private commission, procreate borrowed certain imagery similar,ar to the one seen on official imperial monuments.

caduceus

roman heralds wand with serpents on it, carried typically by a messenger God

ruins of the caldarium of the baths of caracalla

restored view of the frigidaium in the baths of Caracalla

colossal statue of many in baths, he's weary because he just finished the 12 labors

glykons of Athens: fames Hercules, based on the weary Hercules

What is the Forma Urbis Romae?

map of rome incised on 151 marble slabs, installed in the severan period, discovered in 1562

Where is the forma urbis romae?

housed in the temple pacis

theater of Pompey, Rome, dedicated 55 BCE

chaotic, protagonist in the center is a young man, there is a cross symbolizing a cult

sarcophagus with the battle of the romans and barbarians

Horror vacui

fear of spaces

supposed to be built for security after barbarians attacked a couple times but it actually looked like Rome had lost their minds

aurelianic walls (looking west from Porto Appia)

aurelianic walls (looking northeast)

When did the Diocletians establish the Tetrarchy?

in 293

tetrarchy

ruled by four

end of classical approach to human figure ended during the tetrarchy

columnar portraits of 4 tetrarchs from Constantinople

even larger than the baths of caracalla

aerial view of the baths of Diocletian

was turned into a church

frigidarium in the baths of Diocletian

When was Constantine victorious over Maxentius

at the Milivan Bridge in 312

When was the edict of milan created?

313

Constantine became the sole emperor in...

324, he was the Christian emperor

The capital of Italy moved from Rome to..

Constantinople (Istanbul) in 330

When does Constantine die?

337

Rome is sacked by the Goths in

410

reflects the duality of Constantine as a christian and roman, has a chi pro in his headpiece, symbol of christianity, but also has Romulus & remus

medallion with obverse portrait of Constantine

basilica nova

fragments of a colossal seated statue of Constantine

basilica nova, Constantine was the emperor to legalize Christianity w/ the edict of milan & it became their official religion

head of Constantine

celebrated victory over maxentius, first arch to celebrate a victory over a roman, acroteria figures of trajan on top, Marcus Aurelius Avery top, boar hunt circular frieze from Hadrian

Arch of Constantine

detail of corinthian frieze of the arch of Constantine

distribution of largesse

this basilica & the arch of Constantine are th last 2 large monuments of roman architecture during imperial times

basilica nova (basilica of maxentius & Constantine)

restored cutaway view of the basilica nova

constantanian basilica, he was the patron

restored cutaway view of old st Peters

why did christians use the architecture of a basilica instead of temples?

the basilica stood for judgement and not close to pagan rituals unlike the temples