Marine Microbes and Evolution Overview, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses: Key Concepts in Marine Biology

Evolution

Gradual change in organisms over time.

Natural Selection

Process favoring survival of best-adapted organisms.

Darwin's Theory

Explains evolution through natural selection mechanisms.

Reproductive Isolation

Prevents different species from interbreeding.

Taxonomy

naming and classifying science

Binomial Nomenclature

Two-part naming system for species identification.

Marine Microbes

Invisible organisms abundant in ocean environments.

Virology

Study of viruses and their characteristics.

Viral Replication

Process by which viruses duplicate within hosts.

Capsid

Protein coat surrounding viral nucleic acid.

Lytic Cycle

goes in and replicates then kills the cell

Lysogenic Cycle

Viral DNA integrates into host's genome.

Bacteriophage

Viruses that specifically infect bacterial cells.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria, significant in marine ecosystems.

Nitrogen Fixation

nitrogen to usable ammonia

Nitrification

Conversion of ammonium into nitrates for producers.

Methanogens

Archaea producing methane in anaerobic environments.

Eukarya

Domain including organisms with eukaryotic cells.

Mycology

Study of fungi and their ecological roles.

Hyphae

roots of mushrooms

Lichens

Mutualistic associations between fungi and algae.

Stramenopiles

Diverse eukaryotes with two flagella.

Diatoms

Algea with glassy walls, important phytoplankton.

Dinoflagellates

Algae contributing to harmful algal blooms.

Amoebid Protozoans

Single-celled organisms using pseudopods for movement.

Foraminiferans

Protozoans with tests, forming sediment in oceans.

Red Tides

Algee bloom turn red and bad

Saxitoxins

Neurotoxins produced by certain harmful algae.

Bacteria

Simple prokaryotic cells with single DNA chromosome.

Flagellum

Tail-like structure for bacterial movement.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction method in bacteria.

Stromatolites

Coral-like mounds of microbes that trap sediment

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria capable of fixing nitrogen.

Chitin

Material composing fungal cell walls.

Marine Snow

Floating sediment in ocean resembling cobwebs.

Mycelium

Tangled mass of filamentous fungal branches.

Viruses

Infectious agents requiring host cells to replicate.

Lytic Cycle

Virus replication method destroying host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle

Virus DNA integrates into host DNA, replicates.

Virion

Complete virus particle outside a host cell.

Natural Selection

Darwin's theory explaining evolution through survival.

Asexual Reproduction

Offspring produced from a single parent.

Sexual Reproduction

Offspring produced from two parents via fertilization.

Reproductive Isolation

Mechanisms preventing species from interbreeding.

Habitat Isolation

Species never encounter due to different habitats.

Anatomical Isolation

Incompatible reproductive organs prevent mating.

Chromatic Adaptation

Ability of organisms to change pigment colors.

Fungi Phyla

Classification groups of different fungal species.

Decomposers

Organisms breaking down dead organic material.

4 basic permissions of Darwin

1. make more babys
2. act diff
3. They battle
4. they change to adapt

Fitness

amount of genes in next generation

Had a theory of natural selection for the evolution of living things

Darwin

species

one or more populations of potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated f/ other such groups

Fertilization preventative mechanisms

1. habitat isolation- never physically encounter each other
2. anatomical isolation- incompatible mating structures
3. behavioral isolation

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

1. stops fertilization
2. stops after fertilization

3 main domains

1. Bacteria
2. Archaeabacteria
3. Eubacteria

Organisms that are invisible to the naked eye:

1. viruses
2. one-celled organisms
3. fungi

virology

study of viruses

Viruses depend on ____________ to survive

host

What is a viron?

a single virus particle outside a host's cell

Bacteria are simple 1.__________ cells, that have a single chromosome 2._________ and reproduce by 3. ___________ _____________ and move by means of a 4. _______________.

1. prokaryote
2. DNA
3. Binary fission
4. flagellum

Chromatic adaptation

Change colors

mucilage

a slippery substance that works like Biological glue to hold Bacteria cells together

What is "marine snow"?

planktonn sediment

nitrogenase

enzyme that some cyanobacteria can use to fix nitrogen on their own