lab

Anticline

upward-arching fold in rock layers with the oldest layers at its core.

Syncline

a downward-bending fold in rock layers with the youngest layers at its core.

Parts of Fold

hinge, limb and axial plane

Normal Fault

A fault where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall due to tension

Reverse Fault

A fault where the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall due to compression.

Right lateral strike slip

A fault where horizontal motion causes the opposite side to move to the right.

Left lateral strike slip

A fault where horizontal motion causes the opposite side to move to the left.

Relative Time

Placing events in chronological order without a specific amount of time (breakfast is eaten before lunch, lunch is eaten before dinner)

Geological Time

Massive time periods dating historial events of the Earth (Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic)

Steno’s Law

1. When sediments intially deposit, they lie flat on top of each other, original horizontality

2. as they’re deposited, they don’t abruptly pile on top of each other, but continue outwards-lateral continuity

3. As a layer lithifies, and a new layer begins depositing on top, the layer on the bottom must be older (can’t build a house starting with the roof)-law of superposition

Geological Dating

1. layers must first be deposited before any deformation occurs

   1. if the layer is deformed (tilt, fold, fault), the layer must have first been deposited and deformed after

2. if you find the pieces of rock in another layer, the chinks of the rock must have come first as they had to have broken off the surrounding material deposited after (law of inclusion)

3. Cross cutting relations- if something cuts through a later, it must have come after it

Absolute Time

time of the occured event is specific (your birthday)

Isotope

Variants of an element with the same number of protons but different neutrons.

Nuclide

A specific nucleus defined by its number of protons and neutrons.

Decay

The process by which an unstable nucleus emits particles or energy to become stable.

Half-life

The time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay.

High enervy envirnoment

beaches and river channels, the energy is sufficent to transport and deposit larger sediment parrticles (sandstone)

Low energy environments

deep ocean floor, don;t have much energy to transport larger particles…results in fine grains like clay and slit to be deposited (linestone)

Density

mass per unit volume

Proosity

open space in material

permeability

ability to flow through porous material

Reservoir rock

sandstone which can store oil water gas

cap rock

shale can seal the oil water gas in sandstone and keep them from escaping

seismic reflection

the method to explore the structure and composition of the earths subsurface; the wave hits the interface between two diferent rock types bounces back up to the surface

Stratigraphic trap

Formed by changes in rock layers, trapping hydrocarbons.

Anticline trap:

Formed by upward-arched folds trapping hydrocarbons at the crest.

Fault trap

Created when displaced rock layers trap hydrocarbons along a fault.

Salt Dome trap

Hydrocarbons trapped around a rising salt formation.

What are the guide fossils for the cambrian

TrioblitesG

what are body fossils?

reamins of the animals body

guide fossils

represent time period

menozoic and coezmic

plankton

gastrophs

snails

sandstone, near shore (depth, energy)

shallow high

imestone marine (depth, energy)

moderate low

Coal Swamp (depth, energy)

deep low

Shale swamp near shore (depth, energy)

shallow low

Shale marine (depth, energy)

moderate low

Limestone near shore (depth, energy)

shallow high

Mercenaria

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Specific Name: Mercenaria mercenaria (Northern quahog)

Turritella

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Specific Name: Turritella communis (common turritella)

Ostrea

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Specific Name: Ostrea edulis (European oyster)

Exogyra

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Specific Name: Exogyra ponderosa (a type of extinct oyster)`

Acropora

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

Specific Name: Acropora millepora (a species of coral)

Archimedes

• Phylum: Bryozoa

• Species Name: Archimedes wortheni (common example)

• Era: Paleozoic, specifically the Mississippian (Carboniferous) period

Mucrospirifer

Phylum: Brachiopoda

Species Name: Mucrospirifer mucronatus (common example)

Era: Paleozoic, specifically the Devonian period.

Platystrophia

• Phylum: Brachiopoda

• Species Name: Platystrophia ponderosa (common example)

• Era: Paleozoic, specifically the Ordovician to Silurian periods.

Phacops

Michelinoceras

• Phylum: Mollusca

• Species Name: Michelinoceras oblongum (common example)

• Era: Paleozoic, specifically the Ordovician period.