APSUH

3. Northeast

Region with forests and rivers; Iroquois Confederacy lived here; mix of farming

4. Mississippi River Valley

Large Native settlements like Cahokia; river-centered farming societies

6. Northwest

Fishing-based tribes with totem poles and settled lifestyles

7. California

Hunter-gatherer tribes with access to rich resources

9. Encomienda System

Spanish labor system where natives were forced to work under the guise of being protected and Christianized

10. African Slavery

Replaced Native labor after death/resistance; started transatlantic slave trade

11. Columbian Exchange

Movement of food

12. Joint Stock Companies

Investors pooled money to fund colonies like Jamestown with shared risk

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's early plan to unite colonies for defense; failed but inspired unity

19. Northwest Ordinance

Created a system for turning territories into states and banned slavery in the Northwest

20. Northwest Territory

Land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi; new states like Ohio and Indiana

21. Spanish Mission Settlements

Religious outposts to convert Natives in places like California

22. French Revolution

Split U.S. opinion; Democratic-Republicans supported it

23. Quasi War with France

Undeclared naval conflict after XYZ Affair

Marshall Court

John Marshall strengthened federal power and created judicial review

Democrats / Andrew Jackson

Supported common white men; opposed banks and elites; forced Indian removal

The American System

Henry Clay’s plan: tariffs

Market Revolution

Shift from home-based production to factories

Monroe Doctrine

Told Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere; asserted U.S. dominance

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved person; leading abolitionist speaker and writer

Compromise of 1850

California free

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed states to vote on slavery; caused Bleeding Kansas and repealed Missouri Compromise

States' Rights

Idea that states could reject federal laws

Second Party System

Whigs vs. Democrats; collapsed over slavery issues

Radical Republicans

Wanted harsh punishment for the South and full rights for freedmen

13th Amendment

Ended slavery

14th Amendment

Citizenship + Equal protection

15th Amendment

Voting rights for Black men

Sharecropping

Freedmen rented land and paid in crops

Supreme Court decisions (Reconstruction)

Slaughterhouse Cases and U.S. v. Cruikshank weakened Black rights

1. Industrial Capitalism

Rise of big business and factories after Civil War; led to inequality

2. Trusts

Corporations joined to monopolize industries; Rockefeller (oil)

4. Tenant Farming

Poor farmers rented land

6. People's (Populist) Party

Farmers’ movement for free silver

10. Indian Wars / Reservations

U.S. forced Natives onto reservations after military defeat

11. Gilded Age

Wealth on the surface

14. Social Gospel

Christian movement to address poverty and injustice through reform

2. Communism (worldwide / at home)

Red Scare

4. Military-industrial complex

Eisenhower warned of defense industry gaining too much power

5. Oil crises / energy policy

OPEC oil embargo caused gas shortages and inflation in the 1970s

Brown v. Board of Education

Ended school segregation; 'separate but equal' is unconstitutional

Miranda v. Arizona

Established Miranda rights; must be informed of rights when arrested

Gideon v. Wainwright

Guaranteed right to a state-appointed lawyer if you can't afford one

Roe v. Wade

Legalized abortion under right to privacy

Bakke v. UC Regents

Upheld affirmative action but banned racial quotas

17. Evangelism / Religious Fundamentalism

Conservative religious reaction against liberalism and social change

World War I

U.S. joined after Zimmermann Telegram and unrestricted submarine warfare

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI

New Deal

FDR’s plan for Relief

Deregulation

Reagan-era cuts to business and environmental regulations; led to short-term growth

End of the Cold War

Reagan pressured USSR