HASS - European Colonisation of Australia

What are free settlers?

People who came from Britian with the convicts or shortly after who chose to migrate to Australia.

What are convicts?

A person who is found guilty of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment by a court.

Why were there so many convicts?

The purpose was to isolate criminals from society, mainly because the wealthy feared the poor, as they were automatically considered criminals.

What is blackbirding?

How people kidnapped, tricked/decieved Pacific Islanders into coming to Australia, they offered them a job or items of little worth and made false promises. They were to work at cotton or sugar cane plantations in Australia. It was usually carried out by plantation owners who relied on cheap 'Kanaka' labour to carry out the long and difficult work of harvesting sugar cane.

What is Colonial Australia?

The establishement of colonies in Australia, a group of British people living in a concentrated area. Until Australia was federated Australia was known as 'Colonial Australia'.
Great Britian saw that Australia was a good location to base its navy in the south pacific ocean, its location would make it possible for British ships to make repairs and get supplies and they could easily trade with Asia and Americas.

What are colonies?

Lands controlled by other nations remotely.

What is migration?

The movement of a person or people from one place to another. Often to escape war, poverty or disease.

What is a penal colony?

A place where convicts were sent to serve their sentences.

What is colonisation?

Colonisation is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the Indigenous people of an area. Taking or occupying already owned land.

What is Federation?

A group of states and territories joining together instead of being separate colonies to become a national country.

When was Australia federated?

Australia was federated on the 1st January 1901.

Where was the first penal colony?

The first penal colony was thought to be Botany Bay but was actually Port Jackson.

What is the adult suffrage act and how did it change things for Australian women?

After the women's suffrage movement, it was when women started fighting for rights and won the right to vote in 1902. On 18 December 1894 the South Australian Parliament passed the Adult Suffrage Act, it allowed women in the colony the right to vote and allowed stand for parliament. This means that South Australia was the first electorate in the world to give equal political rights to men and women.

What was the women's suffrage movement?

When women had no power or control over their lives. A time when they had to fight for their rights to vote or own land. The women fought to be able to vote as well as men and so did Indigenous people.

How did the women's suffrage movement lead to political change in Australia?

Granted women and First Nations people the right to vote and stand for parliament.

What was the Pacific Islanders Act and what did it achieve for South Sea Islanders?

An act passed by the Australian federal Parliament in 1901. It allowed the restriction of the introduction of labourers from the Pacific Islanders. Meaning that the workers, after their contract was complete they would be deported from Australia.

What is indentured labour?

A form of contract labour, where the person had an official agreement with their employer. This meant they workered for the employer for a fixed amount of time or until a debt had been repaid. They ultimately had freedom after their contract was complete.

Why did Afghans migrate to Australia?

They were moved because the British needed camel riders, they helped with the transportation of people and goods.

Why did the Japanese migrate to Australia?

They became pearl divers, they were masters and the British needed this. They produced a lot of money for Australia.

What happened to many Japanese divers in Early Australia?

They were pearl divers for the British, but started to get deported after being thought of 'aliens', the job they were doing was very dangerous, so many of them must have died.

Why did the South Sea Islander migrate/were taken to Australia?

Were kidnapped/tricked into moving to Australia to become cheap labour and work in the sugar cane/cotton plantations.

Why did the Chinese migrate to Australia?

They originally migrated as they were thought to be 'cheap' labour, they had a hard work ethic although were unskilled and unqualified.

What was the initial treatment of Chinese migrants in early Australia?

Rumours were spread about them, they were thought to have brought diseases, to be gamblers and do drugs. The British blamed them for many things, they were robbed of their gold discoveries during the gold rush, their camps were burnt down. They were considered unclean and their long ponytails were pulled, they were often beaten almost to death.

Why did the gold rush happen and how did it become so widespread?

Most men dreamed of getting rich by mining for gold. In the 1850s the gold rush attracted many immigrated. News travelled around the world after the first piece of gold was found. People believed that by mining for gold they would get rich.

What was the major battle that happened at the Eureka Stockade and what was the reason for the battle?

The reason was that the fees were getting too high and people were getting killed. Before dawn on 3 December 1854, government troops stormed the diggers' flimsy stockade at Eureka Lead, Ballarat. In a fiery battle that lasted only 20 minutes, more than 30 men were killed. Charged with high treason, the diggers' leaders were all eventually acquitted. This was a battle for victory and freedom.

What were the 'license hunts' during the Eureka Stockade?

The British people who believed the owned Australia walked around to peoples mines during the gold rush, tatking away their right to mine, by claiming that they didn't have a license. The amount fo money for these licenses kept changing causing people to get confused and angry, they got fined and taken away from the mines each time they were found without their license.

What was the initial reason South Sea Islanders were brought to Australia?

The South Sea Islanders were moved to Australia to harvest and work at sugar cane fields and cotton plantations. For cheap labour for Australia.

What was the 'White Australia Policy' and what impact did it have on First Nations Australians?

A policy to make Australia completely European white. It created the Immigration Restriction Act of1901, restricting migration for people of any other descent. It stopped at the end of the second world war. First Nation people were killed or brought into concentration camps in order to breed the 'white out of them', this resulted in the stolen generation.

Who were the first men to cross the Blue Mountains? How did they do it?

Gregory Blanxland, William Charled Wentworth and Willian Lawson passed through in 1813. With a surveyor, First Nations man, and many servants. They climbed the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys.

Between what years were convicts sent to Australia?

European convicts were sent to Australia between the years of 1788 and 1868.

For what reason was Australia not a good place for Europeans to migrate to?

They at first beleived that Australia would be good for vegetation and growing food, however, quickly realised that the land is too dry and sandy.

Why was exploration past Port Jackson important for early settlers?

They had to find suitable places of secondary punishment for convicts and the colonies were occupying too much land, so had to find more before any other people arrived. In later years the search of more land was for finding gold during the gold rush.

What was the conflict between First Nations Australians and Europeans colonisers past the Blue Mountains?

It was called the Australian Frontier wars and there were many violent conflicts between Indigenous Australians and British settlers during the colonial period of Australia. At first they were civil, however, the First Nations people soon realised their way of life was threatened. The First Nations peoples land was stolen and given for free to Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson, diseases were introduced and the First Nations people fought back, ending in mass killing.

Why did European 'free settlers' move to Australia?

Wanted a new life, got paid to colonise Australia, had servants to build houses and work farms. The goal was to have a completely White Australia.

Why were South Sea Islanders wanted for sugar cane work over white workers?

Sugar cane work/farming was difficult and hard work, the white believed it would be a better job for the South Sea Islander people as the white people believed they were their slaves. The tropical climate made it difficult for white workers to work, because of the extreme temperature difference from Europe.

What was the Bubonic Plague?

Also known as the black death, was a terrible plague that killed many people. It started with infected fleas carried on rats. Symptons include swollen lymph nodes which could be as large as chicken eggs in the groin, armpit or neck. It may be tender and warm, others include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches and the skin turning black. It killed roughly 200 million people.

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Where's history's first occurence of the plague?

In 541 CE, the plague first arrived in Constantinople Turkey, but is thought to have been originated in Sudan and travelled along the Nile River. At least 18 waves of the plague spread across the Mediterranean basin into distant areas like Persia and Irelan from 541 to 750 CE.

How did the plague come to Australia?

There were 12 major plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1910. During the third great bubonic plague pandemic starting in Northern China in 1855, which spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong by 1894, with over 100,000 deaths in that year. Australian colonial authorities knew and were aware of this disease but Chinese were still migrating to Australia. In February there were 30 reported cases in Australia and in May there were 5,000, however, most of the cases weren't reported as Australia was hesitant to tell other countries that they had been infected. The first case reported in Australia was that of Arthur Pain on 19th January 1900. He was a delivery man who worked at central warf, where the ship carrying infected rats would have docked. The fleas had the plague and jumped onto the rats in these ships, these rats them infected Arthur when he was working.