R3.1: Proton transfer reactions

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Acids are good

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conductors of electricity

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Strong acids

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disassociate completely into ions in water

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178 Terms

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Acids are good

conductors of electricity

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Strong acids

disassociate completely into ions in water

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Boron is stable with just 6 electrons but can

accept 2 more although it’s an exception to the octet rule

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Bases are proton

acceptors

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Acids are proton

donors

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Older (Arrhenius’ definition) concluded that all acids have

[H+] and all bases have [OH-]

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More relevant Brønsted & Lowry theory proposes that

Brønsted & Lowry acids are proton donors and Brønsted & Lowry bases are proton acceptors. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors and Lewis base are electron pair donors

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Acid disassociation is as follows

HA + H2O → A- + H3O+

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Hydronium (H3O+) is the

main ion in acidic solution and follow iconic acid base behavior theory. It can also be expressed as [H+]

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Binary acids are made of a halide and hydrogen and increase in strength

across a period and down a group. They include HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

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Oxyacids acids are polyatomic ions including

HNO3, H2SO4, H2CO3, and H3PO4

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Weak acids have strong

conjugate base pairs and vise versa

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Strong acids have weak

conjugate base pairs and vise versa

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A conjugate pair is made up of a substance and its form after

protonation or deprotonation

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Conjugate pairs should only differ by

1 proton

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Organic acids are almost exclusively

weak acids

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Acids chip away

bases by donating protons

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Mineral testing for calcite (CaCO3) includes a drop of

acid that causes the solution to bubble in calcite presence due to the reaction forming gas (CO2)

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Monoprotic acids can only donate

1 H+

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Diprotic acids can donate only

2 H+

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Triprotic acids can donate only

3 H+

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Alkali or alkali earth metals and oxygen or hydroxides make

common bases

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Some weak bases are

NaHCO3 (sodium hydrogen carbonate),Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate), NH3 (ammonia), and CH3CH2NH2 (ethanamine)

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Amphiprotic substances include

HCO3- (hydrogen carbonate ion), HSO4- (hydrogen sulfate ion), H2PO4- (dihydrogen phosphate), HPO4(2-) (hydrogen phosphate), and H2O (water)

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Amphiprotic means to be able to either

donate or accept protons

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Amphoteric means to be able to either

display acid or base behavior

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All amphiprotic substances are amphoteric but not

all amphoteric substances are amphiprotic

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The disassociation of a strong acid is

exothermic the acid is happy and stable as an ion

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NH4+ is a coordinate bond where H is

not very happy because its electron are lost to the more electronegative oxygen

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the pH scale is between 0 to 14 but can extend to

infinity and negative infinity

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Lithmus indicator turns blue in the presence of

base

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Lithmus indicator turns red in the presence of

acid

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pH is calculated with [H+] with the formula

pH=-log[H+] where base = 10

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pOH is calculated with [OH-] with the formula

pOH=-log[OH-] where base = 10

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[OH-] is calculated with pOH with the formula

[OH-]=10^(-pOH)

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[H+] is calculated with pH with the formula

[H+]=10^(-pH)

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To convert from pOH to pH, you

subtract it from 14 [14-pOH=pH] and vise versa

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For strong acids and bases, the initial concentration of

[H+] or [OH-] is the same as the substance due to complete disassociation.

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Methyl orange turns red in the presence of

base

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Methyl orange turns yellow in the presence of

acid

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Phenolphthalein turns colorless in the presence of

acid

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Phenolphthalein turns purple/pink in the presence of

base

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The iconic product of water is the value of equilibrium (K) of [H+] and [OH-] ions at 298K

Kw=1×10^(-14)

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Since pH of water = 7

[OH-] = [H+] for ionic product of water @298K

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H2SO4 is diprotic but

only its first disassociation is strong

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The strength of an acid or base depends on its

degree of dissociation

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Organic often see as little as

1% being dissociated into H3O+

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Increased [H3O+] or [OH-] mean

stronger rather than weaker acids

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Strong acids/bases have

good conductivity, more extreme pH values, and fast reactions with CaCO3 and Mg

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The side of the reaction expression with the stronger acids/bases will

be the position to which equilibrium is leaning to

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Log scales are used to

linearize data

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Antacids neutralize

stomach acids

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Metal oxides and acids create water and salt

M-O + H-A → MA + H2O

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Metal hydroxides will react with water to create water and salt

M-OH + H-A → M-A + H2O

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Hydrocarbons might react with water to create water, salt, and carbon dioxide

M-H-CO3 + H-A → MA + H2O+ CO2

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Carbonates might react with water to create water, salt, and carbon dioxide

M-CO3 + H-A → MA + H2O + CO2

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Amines might react with water to create water, salt, and carbon dioxide

RNH2 + H-A → NH4+ + A-

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Ammonia might react with water to create water, salt, and carbon dioxide

NH3 + H-A → NH4 + A-

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with a pH increase or decrease of 1, [H+] =

100 times stronger or weaker

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Titration allows us to find

the concentration of an unknown acid or base and titrate it with a standard solution of which you know the concentration and understand its significance

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The titrant is put into a small burette and added to a measured volume of acid w/ clear concentration

At half of its reaction, when the indicator is colored, and equivalence point is reached, acid and base are of equal concentrations and neutralization of reaction is reached.

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The indicator often used for titration is

phenolphthalein

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The sharp change in pH on a pH curve for the progression of a titration is called the

point of inflection (POI)

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Base added to acid shows a

pH increasing curve

<p>pH increasing curve </p>
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Acid added to a base shows a

pH decreasing curve

<p>pH decreasing curve</p>
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Complete disassociation is usually an

irreversible process

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Organic acids can only donate hydrogens in their

carboxylic function groups because C-H is not polar so would not dissolve in polar substance

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Bonds are better shorter as they are less

“diluted”

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Water doesn’t break as much as acids break into

ions rather than form new molecules by breaking water

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More concentrated acids are more

corrosive

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More concentrated acids are not more

strong

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Stronger acids mean they are

better proton donors

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Oxyacids increase in strength with increased

oxidation of the central atom

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Binary acids increase in strength

across the group and down a period

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HCl is

hydrochloric acid

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HNO3 is

nitric acid

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H2SO4 is

sulfuric acid

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HBrO is

hydrobromic acid

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HI is

hydroiodic acid

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HClO4 is

Perchloric acid

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HClO3 is

chloric acid

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CH3COOH is

ethanoic acid

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HCO3 is

carbonic acid

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H3PO4 is

phosphoric acid

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HF is

hydrogen fluoride

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H2SO3 is

sulfurous acid

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HNO2- is

nitrous acid

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LiOH is

lithium hydroxide

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NaOH is

sodium hydroxide

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KOH is

potassium hydroxide

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BaOH2 is

barium hydroxide

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NaO is

sodium monoxide

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Ca(OH)2 is

calcium hydroxide

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NH3 is

ammonia

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C2H5NH3 is

Ethylamine

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strong acid + strong base =

neutral salt

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strong acid + weak base =

acidic salt

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weak acid + strong base =

basic salt

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Transition metals do not form very

strong bases

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Effervescence is

the fizzing or pop that comes from gas being produced in liquid and coming out as bubbles (observable)