Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about blood vessels, DNA, urinary and digestive systems, cells, and heart basics.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart; usually high pressure with thick, elastic walls.

Arterioles

Small branches of arteries.

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart; low pressure and contain valves to prevent backflow.

Venules

Small branches of veins.

Capillaries

Tiny, one-cell-thick connectors where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

Lumen

Hollow tunnel inside a vessel where blood flows.

Pulmonary artery

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood (heart to lungs).

Pulmonary veins

The only veins that carry oxygenated blood (lungs to heart).

Systemic circulation

Sends oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body (except the lungs).

Pulmonary circulation

Sends deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, then returns oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins.

Aorta

Main systemic artery from the heart.

Vena cava

Major veins bringing blood back to the heart.

Superior vena cava

Drains the upper body.

Inferior vena cava

Drains the lower body.

Femoral artery location

Groin

Carotid artery location

Neck

Renal artery location

Kidney

Brachial artery location

Inside elbow

Radial artery location

Wrist

DNA

Located in the nucleus and contains genetic information.

Genes

Segments of DNA.

Autosomal recessive trait

Two copies are needed to show the trait.

Examples of dominant traits

Brown eyes, freckles, detached earlobes.

Examples of recessive traits

Blue eyes, right-handedness, attached earlobes.

Chromosomes

DNA strands; humans have 46 total (23 pairs).

RH Factor

Rh+ means you have the protein; Rh– means you don’t.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.

Three main parts of a nephron

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, renal tubule

Bowman's capsule

Receives filtered fluid in the kidney.

Tubular reabsorption

Reclaims essential substances during urine formation.

Urinary function

Excrete waste and regulate homeostasis.

Hormones secreted by kidneys

Renin, Erythropoietin.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine; receives digestive fluids.

Peristalsis

Muscular contraction that moves food through the digestive tract.

Cecum

Beginning of the large intestine, near the appendix.

Cell membrane

Controls entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.

Nucleus

Controls cellular operations and stores DNA.

System level of organization

Groups of organs working together.

Five levels of body organization

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Angi/o

Blood vessels

Malacia

Softening

Stasis

Controlled

Lysis

Destruction

-oma

Tumor

-osis

Abnormal condition

-itis

Inflammation

-megaly

Enlargement

anti-

Against

macro-

Large

-centesis

Puncture to remove fluid

Albuminuria

Protein in urine.

Fibrinogen

Protein for clotting.

Epithelial tissue

Covers surfaces and lines cavities.

Connective tissue

Binds and supports tissues.

Mediastinum

Space between the lungs

Base of the Heart

Top (origin of blood vessels)

Apex of the Heart

Bottom (angled left)

Pericardium

Outer covering of the heart.

Fibrous pericardium

Tough outer sac of the heart that anchors it and prevents overfilling.

Serous pericardium

Slippery, double-layered part of the pericardium.

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium.

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Hugs the heart; also known as the epicardium.

Pericardial fluid

Fluid between the layers of the pericardium to allow smooth movement.

Myocardium

Thick muscular layer of the heart.

Coronary arteries

Supplies the myocardium with oxygen.

Endocardium

Smooth inner lining of heart chambers and valves.

Septum

Splits the heart into right and left halves.

Right side of the heart

Collects deoxygenated blood from the systemic system and sends it to the pulmonary system.

Left side of the heart

Collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the systemic circulation.

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart.

Interatrial septum

Separates the left & right atrium.

Ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart.

Interventricular septum

Separates the left & right ventricles.