Applied Research Quiz 2

What is the lowest level of measurement that involves naming categories without ranking them?

Nominal.

What type of variable can be ranked from low to high but does not provide additional information between ranks?

Ordinal variable.

What is the measurement that includes true zero and knowable interval width?

Interval ratio.

Why is randomization important in probability sampling?

It ensures each sampling element has an equal chance of being selected, increasing representativeness and allowing for calculation of sampling error.

What is the purpose of a sampling frame in research?

It serves as an identifier to understand the population and approximates it closely.

What is the difference between a statistic and a population parameter?

A statistic summarizes a variable in a sample, while a population parameter describes a given characteristic of the population.

Which sampling method involves randomly selecting cases from a population that is divided into strata based on important characteristics?

Stratified sample.

In what sampling method are clusters randomly selected, followed by random selection within those clusters?

Cluster sampling.

What does a larger sample size generally lead to in terms of sampling error?

A smaller sampling error.

What is the measure of central tendency that represents the most common response in nominal variables?

Mode.

What is the term for the middle score in a dataset and is typically used for ordinal variables?

Median.

What is the typical score in a dataset calculated using all the values, and is affected by every score?

Mean.

What instrument quantifies how much scores vary from the mean in a dataset?

Standard deviation.

Which sampling method is characterized by randomness with no pattern, selecting cases entirely at random?

Simple random sampling.

Which sampling technique involves selecting every nth person from a list or directory?

Systematic sampling.

What is the key function of sampling when analyzing data?

To draw inferences.

What is the term for the error that arises from taking a sample instead of the entire population?

Sampling error.

Which measure of variability indicates the range within which the scores in a data set fall?

Range.

What does it mean when a sample is said to be biased?

It means that the sample does not accurately represent the population.

What type of sampling method involves convenience or non-random selection?

Non-probability sampling.

Which research method looks for a correlation between variables but does not imply causation?

Observational study.

What is the variable called that is controlled or manipulated in an experimental study?

Independent variable.

What type of variable is measured to assess the outcome in an experiment?

Dependent variable.

What is the term for the population or group that researchers aim to study?

Target population.

What is a potential drawback of using a small sample size?

Increased sampling error, leading to less reliable results.

What type of data includes numerical values that can be measured?

Quantitative data.

Conversely, what type of data describes characteristics or qualities?

Qualitative data.

What statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups?

T-test.

What is the level of measurement that categorizes data without any order or ranking?

Nominal.

What type of variable allows for ranking but does not provide precise intervals between categories?

Ordinal variable.

What level of measurement consists of ordered categories with equal intervals and includes a true zero?

Interval ratio.

sampling

the larger the population, the smaller the sampling ratio needs to be