Lecture 4- Bone and Joint

What are common indications for imaging bones and joints?

Trauma, fractures, dislocations, pain, lameness, suspected neoplasia, arthritis, dysplasia, and degenerative diseases.

What is the most common degenerative joint disease caused by OA?

DJD (degenerative joint disease).

What directional terms are important when positioning limbs?

Cranial, caudal, dorsal, and palmar.

What terminology is used for the pelvis?

The same terminology used for the abdomen.

What structures are included in a dorsal recumbency forelimb view?

Scapula, scapulohumeral joint, and humerus.

What structures are included in a sternal recumbency forelimb view?

Elbow, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, and phalanges/digits.

What structures are included in a dorsal recumbency hind limb view?

Pelvis, coxofemoral joint, and femur.

What structures are included in a sternal recumbency hind limb view?

Stifle, tibia/fibula, tarsus, metatarsals, and phalanges/digits.

When imaging a bone, where do you measure?

The middle of the diaphysis.

When imaging a bone, where do you center?

The middle of the diaphysis.

When imaging a bone, what should collimation include?

The joint proximally and the joint distally.

When imaging a joint, where do you measure and center?

At the center of the joint.

When imaging a joint, what should collimation include?

The distal bone proximally and the proximal bone distally.

What is important when taking split films?

Point the toes in the same direction on the film.

Why should the unaffected bone/joint also be imaged?

For comparison and bilateral symmetry.

What does DLPMO stand for?

Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique.

What surfaces are demonstrated with a DLPMO view?

Dorsomedial and palmarolateral surfaces.

What does DMPLO stand for?

Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique.

What surfaces are demonstrated with a DMPLO view?

Dorsolateral and palmaromedial surfaces.

What are the two standard views of the pelvis?

VD extended and lateral.

What are the two trauma views of the pelvis?

VD frog-leg and lateral.

Why should pelvic radiographs be performed under sedation or anesthesia?

To provide adequate muscle relaxation for optimal positioning.

How is the animal positioned for a VD extended pelvis view?

Dorsal recumbency, forelimbs cranial, hind limbs caudal, stifles rotated medially.

Where is the VD extended pelvis view measured?

At the ischiatic tuberosities.

Where is the VD extended pelvis view centered?

On the midline at the ischiatic tuberosities.

How is the VD extended pelvis view collimated?

Cranial to ilium wings, caudal to stifles, including lateral body walls.

How are the hind limbs positioned for the VD frog-leg view?

They assume a natural position with flexed stifles.

Where is the frog-leg view measured?

At the ischiatic tuberosities.

Where is the frog-leg view centered?

On the midline at the ischiatic tuberosities.

What angle should the stifles be at in the frog-leg view?

Approximately 45°.

What is used to hold the stifles in place?

Sandbags over the tarsus joints.

How is the animal positioned for a lateral pelvis view?

Lateral recumbency on either side.

What is the "Running Man" position?

The tabletop limb is extended cranially and the opposite limb is extended caudally.

Where is a lateral pelvis view measured?

At the greater femoral trochanters.

Where is a lateral pelvis view centered?

On the midline over the greater femoral trochanters.

What should the lateral pelvis view include?

The entire dorsal aspect and at least 1/3 of the femurs.

What does PennHIP stand for?

University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program.

What does PennHIP measure?

Hip joint laxity/instability using stress films.

What is PennHIP used to predict?

The onset of osteoarthritis.

What three views are required for PennHIP?

VD extended, distraction, and compression.

How old must dogs be before PennHIP evaluation?

At least 16 weeks (4 months).

What does OFA stand for?

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals.

What view does OFA use to evaluate the coxofemoral joints?

VD extended view.

What are the three normal OFA categories?

Excellent, Good, and Fair.

What is the borderline OFA category?

Borderline.

What are the three dysplastic OFA categories?

Mild, Moderate, and Severe.

How old must dogs be for OFA certification?

At least 24 months (2 years).

What is a shallow acetabulum?

A hallmark sign of hip dysplasia.

What happens to the femoral head with hip dysplasia?

It can become flattened or deformed.

What happens to the femoral neck with hip dysplasia?

It can become thickened or remodeled.

What happens to the acetabulum with hip dysplasia?

Sclerosis can occur at the dorsocranial margin.

What can happen to the femoral head in hip dysplasia?

Luxation or subluxation can occur.

What happens to joint space with hip dysplasia?

Joint space width can increase.

What does the distraction view measure?

The degree of displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum.

What does the compression view determine?

The depth of the acetabulum.

How are the hind limbs positioned for compression/distraction views?

In a natural weight-bearing stance.

What is osteochondrosis?

A condition shown in the lecture involving the scapulohumeral joint and stifle.

What is panosteitis?

A bone condition covered in the lecture.

What does HOD stand for?

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy.

What is the most easily recognized radiographic abnormality?

Fractures.