Tissue chapter 4

what are tissues

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

what is the Study of tissues

Histology

what are the Four basic tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

what are the Levels of Structural Organization in human body smallest to biggest

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organism level

what is makes up the chemical level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

what makes up the cellular level

single cell

what makes up the tissue level

groups of similar cells 4 major tissues of the body epithelium, connective, muscle, nerve.

what makes up the organ level

contains two or more types of tissues

what makes up a organ system level

organs that work closely together

what makes up an organism level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

what is the smallest structural level in the human body

Chemical level

what is the biggest structural level in the human body

Organism level

what are the four primary tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

what type of tissue is this

epithelial

what type of tissue is this

connective

what type of tissue is this

muscle

what type of tissue is this

nervous tissue

what is the function of epithelial tissue

covers body and organ surfaces, lines body cavities and organ cavities, forms some glands, filtration

what is the function of connective tissue

binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs

what is the function of muscle tissue

moves the skeleton or organ walls

what is the function of nervous tissue

transmits nerve impulses and processes information

what are the two main forms of Epithelial Tissue

Covering and lining epithelia

Glandular epithelia

what tissue is found On external and internal surfaces (example: skin)

Covering and lining epithelia tissue

what tissue is found in Secretory tissue in glands (example: ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND EXOCRINE GLANDS (salivary glands)

Glandular epithelia tissue

Name five characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

Polarity

Specialized contacts

Always supported by connective tissues

Avascular, but innervated

Regeneration

describe polarity

Cells have polarity (top and bottom)

what are the top and bottom of epithelial polarity

Apical surface (top)

Basal surface (bottom)

what is Apical surface

upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity

what is Basal surface

lower attached side, faces inwards toward body

MUST ALWAYS ATTACH TO A BASAL LAMINA, (connective tissue)

what is the purpose of Specialized contacts

bind adjacent epithelial cells together

what are lateral contacts

Tight junctions

Desmosomes/Velcro

Gap junctions

what Consists of network of collagen fibers

Reticular lamina

what is Made up of basal and reticular lamina

Basement membrane

what does Avascular mean

No blood vessels are found

what types of cells have high regenerative capacities

Epithelial cells

how does Regeneration work

it is Stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts

how many names do epithelial tissues have

two

how do you name epithelial tissues

First name indicates number of cell layers

Second name indicates shape of cells

what does Squamous mean

flattened and scale-like

what does Cuboidal mean

box-like, cube

what does Columnar mean

tall, column-like

what tissue is Involved filtration processes

Simple epithelia

what is Endothelium

lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart

what is Mesothelium

serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

what tissue is involved in secretion and absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium

kidney tubules are made up of what kind of tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium

what tissue is involved in secretion of mucus

Simple columnar epithelium

what tissue is found in digestive track

Simple columnar epithelium

what tissue is Located mostly in upper respiratory tract,

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Cells vary in height and appear to be multi-layered and stratified, but tissue is in fact single-layered simple epithelium

what tissue Involve two or more layers of cells

Stratified epithelial tissues

what is the Most widespread of stratified epithelia

Stratified epithelial tissues

Keratinized cells found in skin; are made of what tissue

Stratified epithelial tissues

what tissue is found in SOME sweat and mammary glands

Stratified epithelial tissues

What tissue is found in SALIVARY GLANDS AND IN MALE URETHRA

Stratified epithelial tissues

what tissue has very limited distribution in body

Stratified epithelial tissues

what tissue Forms lining of hollow urinary organs

Transitional epithelium tissue

what tissue is Found in bladder, ureters, and urethra

Transitional epithelium tissue

what tissue has Ability of cells to change shape when stretched allows for increased flow of urine and, in the case of bladder, more storage space

Transitional epithelium tissue

what is a gland

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

what gland can internally secreting DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOODSTREAM (example: hormones)

endocrine

what gland can externally secreting (example: sweat)

Exocrine

what are Ductless glands

glands that Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones, messenger chemicals that travel

how are Exocrine glands classified

by Structure and

Mode of secretion

what is the purpose of Holocrine gland

accumulate products within, then rupture (sebaceous oil glands CAN BECOME BLOCKED)

what is the purpose of Merocrine gland

most secrete products by exocytosis as PURE secretions are produced (sweat, pancreas)

what is the purpose of Apocrine gland

accumulate products within, but only apex ruptures; whether this type exists in humans is controversial (maybe mammary cells?)

what is the most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues

connective tissue

what are the four main classes of connective tissue

Connective tissue proper

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

what type of tissue is found in the umbilical cord

Mucous connective tissue

where does Mesenchyme come from

derived from mesoderm

what is Mesenchyme

source of all other connective tissue, adult connective tissue often has this kind of stem cell

when are primary germ layers formed

early in embryonic development

what arises from mesoderm

Muscle and connective tissues

where do Nerve tissue arise from

ectoderm

where do Epithelial tissues arise from

all three germ layers

what are the primary germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

how far deep are the primary germ layers

superficial to deep

what Three characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues:

All arise from mesenchyme tissue as their tissue of origin

All have varying degrees of vascularity (cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascularized)

All cells are suspended in extracellular matrix (ECM) (protein-sugar mixture)

what are three main elements of connective tissue

Ground substance/JELLO

Fibers (coconut fibers)

Cells (fruit)

what makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

ground substance and fibers

Ground substance

Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells

name an example of a ground substance

chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

what are the types of Connective tissue fibers/ COCONUT FIBERS

Collagen

Elastic fibers

Reticular

collagen fibers

Strongest and most abundant type tough

elastic fibers

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

reticular fibers

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

where are fibroblast found

found in connective tissue proper

where are chondroblasts found

found in cartilage

where are osteoblasts found

found in bone

blast cells

Immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers

cyte cells

Mature, less active form of “blast” cell that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix

what are the three types of cyte cells

Fibrocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte

Macrophages/WBC

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system

Mast cells/WBC

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

White blood cells

Tissue response to injury

name three white blood cells

Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

fat cells

Store nutrients

what Consists of all connective tissues EXCEPT bone, cartilage, and blood

Connective tissue proper

what are two subclasses of connective tissue proper

CT proper: loose connective tissues

CT proper: dense connective tissues