Amines, Amides & Polyesters

What is the functional group of an amine?

NH2

What type of odours do amines produce?

Unpleasant

What shape do amines form?

Pyrimidal

What is the bond angle in amines?

107

What must haloalkanes undergo to produce a primary amine?

Nucleophilic substitution

What reacts with haloalkanes to form a primary amine?

Ethanol & excess ammonia

What functional group does a nitrile have?

C triple bond N

How do you reduce a nitrile to a primary amine?

+H2, +Ni catalyst

What type of reaction is it when an aromatic amine is formed from a nitrogen compound?

Reduction

How do you create an aromatic amine from a nitrogen-containing compound?

Conc. HCl, heat under reflux

How do you form an amine from an ammonium ion?

+ NaOH

Do amines act as acids or bases? Why?

Bases - accepts a proton

What type of bond forms when an ammonium salt is formed?

Dative covalent

What is the general formula for an amino acid?

RCH(NH2)COOH

What loses an H+ ion when amino acids act as an acid?

COOH group

What gains an H+ ion when amino acids act as a base?

NH2 group

What conditions are needed for amino acids to form an ester linkage?

Heat with alcohol & concentrated acid catalyst

What is the functional group of an amide?

CONH2

How are amides formed?

acyl chloride + NH3/ primary amine

What type of isomerism do amino acids show?

Optical isomerism

Define optical isomerism

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Do optical isomers have a plane of symmetry?

No

What is another name of an optical isomer?

Enantiomer

What makes a compound chiral?

When carbon atom has 4 different groups/atoms attached

What distinguishes condensation polymerisation?

Loss of a small molecule

What 2 compounds are needed to make a polyester?

Carboxylic acid & alcohol

What 2 compounds are needed to make a polyamide?

Carboxylic acid & amine

What shape & bond angle is an ammonium ion?

Tetrahedral - 109.5