CALCIUM

macrominerals

also known as the major minerals

microminerals

also known as the trace elements

calcium

makes up 50% of the minerals

phosphorus

makes up 25% of the minerals

calcium and phosphorus

• structural

• _ in bone

iron

• structural

• _ for heme

cobalt

• structural

• _ in Vit B12

sodium and potassium

• metabolic

• water control

iodine

• metabolic

• _ for thyroid hormones

iron coenzyme

• metabolic

• _ for mitochondrial oxidase

less

• bioavailability

• minerals are absorbed _ efficiently

oxalates and phyates

• bioavailability

• _ bind minerals and prevent absorption

acidic

• bioavailability

• most minerals are better absorbed in _ environment

ferrous iron

• bioavailability

• iron must be reduced to _ for better absorption

tea

• bioavailability

• _ can interfere with absorption

growth, pregnancy and lactation

• bioavailability

• iron is absorbed better during _

bioavailability

proportion that can be absorbed and used by the body

binding substances

• bioavailability

• influence

gastric acidity

• bioavailability

• influence

chemical form

• bioavailability

• influence

food

• bioavailability

• influence

need

• bioavailability

• influence

calcium

• mineral

• largest in the body

intake-absorption-excretion

• calcium balance

• _ balance

bone-blood

• calcium balance

• _ balance

calcium-phosphorus

• calcium balance

• _ blood serum balance

1000

• calcium intake

• RDA = _ mg/day

food

• calcium intake

• sources

supplements

• calcium intake

• sources

childhood and adolescence

• calcium intake

• very important in _

40%

• calcium intake

• _ of lifetime bone mass is developed during the growth spurt

pregnant women and elderly

• calcium intake

• needed for _

20-60%

• calcium absorption

• ranges from _ of intake

decreases

• calcium absorption

• _ with age

duodenum

• calcium absorption

• absorbed in SI, particularly _

soaps

• why does fat malabsorption lessen fat intake

• form _ with calcium

vitamin d

• why does fat malabsorption lessen fat intake

• _ is a lipid soluble option

Vitamin D Hormone

increases calcium absorption

Body Need

increases calcium absorption

Dietary protein and carbs

increases calcium absorption

Acidic environment

increases calcium absorption

Vitamin D deficiency

decreases calcium absorption

Fat malabsorption

decreases calcium absorption

Fiber

decreases calcium absorption

alkalinity

decreases calcium absorption

calcitriol

• calcium absorption

• controls synthesis of calcium binding protein, carries Ca across mucosal cell into the blood

increase

• calcium absorption

• growth, pregnancy and lactation → _ (increase/decrease)

decrease

• calcium absorption

• older age → _ (increase/decrease)

Lactobacilli

• calcium absorption

• lactose enhances absorption through _, which produce lactic acid

50-90%

• calcium excretion

• Large amount of Ca remains unabsorbed

body need

• calcium absorption and excretion

• dependent on _

kidneys

• calcium excretion

• small amount is excreted through the _

• around 200 mg/day

bones

• calcium bone-blood balance

• 99%

• major site of storage

bone turnover

• calcium bone-blood balance

• constant deposition and resorption → _

osteoclasts

• calcium in bones

• resorption

osteoblasts

• calcium in bones

• building

700

• calcium in bones

• mg that enter and leave the bones per day

blood

• calcium bone-blood balance

• 1%

bound

• calcium in blood

• inactive

free

• calcium in blood

• active

relative solubility

• calcium-phosphorus serum balance

• defined relationship based on _

10

• calcium-phosphorus serum balance

• _ mg/dL calcium

Ph

• calcium-phosphorus serum balance

• 4 mg/dL _

cardio

calcium is important for _ action

stimulates absorption

• PTH

• effect on CA

• _ by intestinal mucosa

withdraws calcium

• PTH

• effect on CA

• rapidly _ from bone

calcium reabsorption

• PTH

• effect on CA

• increases _

phosphorus excretion

• PTH

• effect on CA

• increases _ by kidneys

solubility constant

• PTH

• effect on CA

• maintains the _

stimulates absorption

• calcitriol

• effect on CA

• _ by intestinal mucosa

increases bone deposition

• calcitriol

• effect on CA

• _ of Ca and Ph

reverse

• calcitriol

• effect on CA

• does the _ of PTH

bone calcium release

• calcitonin

• effect on CA

• prevents rise in serum calcium by modulating _

bone formation

• calcium function

• formation

tooth formation

• calcium function

• formation

blood clotting

• calcium function

• metabolism

nerve transmission

• calcium function

• metabolism

muscle contraction and relaxation

• calcium function

• metabolism

• calcium function

• cell membrane permeability

tetany

• calcium problem

• high amounts of calcium in the blood

osteomalacia

• calcium problem

• high amounts of calcium in the blood

• low amounts of calcium in the bone

• not enough calcium because they are still growing

• growth plates continue to grow

• not fully ossified

• sags outwards

ricketts

• calcium problem

• young

• lack of calcium or metabolism problems

• give calcium supplements

hypercalcemia

• calcium problem

• stone formation

• excreted calcium goes up

• can crystallize