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What percentage of the population will be white in 2050?
Approximately 47% of the population will be white.
What do police operations include?
Patrol, investigation, traffic enforcement, specialized units, and community policing.
What are contemporary law enforcement terms?
Terms such as 'probable cause,' 'reasonable suspicion,' 'exclusionary rule,' and 'Miranda rights.'
Who was Sir Robert Peel?
He is considered the father of modern policing, creating the first organized police force in London in 1829.
What is demography?
The study of population characteristics and how they relate to law enforcement resources and tactics.
What are common police leadership styles?
Autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire.
How have police recruits changed in recent years?
There is more emphasis on education, diversity, and mental health awareness.
What is the Broken Windows Theory?
The theory that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may prevent further crime and disorder.
What does the use of discretion mean in law enforcement?
The ability of law enforcement officers to decide whether or not to intervene in a situation or make an arrest.
What is the right to stop and question suspects?
Officers have the right to stop and question individuals based on reasonable suspicion, but not to make an arrest without probable cause.
What does the flow of communication in law enforcement refer to?
The way information flows within police departments, from officers on patrol to supervisors and across agencies.
What are special problems with communications in law enforcement?
Communication issues like officer safety, information overload, and technology failure.
How does Alzheimer’s disease affect law enforcement?
Officers may need to handle elderly suspects or witnesses affected by Alzheimer's in ways that influence their actions or testimonies.
What is the difference between preponderance of evidence and reasonable suspicion?
Preponderance of evidence is used in civil cases (more likely than not), while reasonable suspicion is used to stop and question suspects.
Who are witnesses in law enforcement?
Individuals who provide testimony or evidence in a criminal case based on their personal knowledge of the event.
What are stealth patrol methods?
Techniques used to observe suspects without being detected, such as plainclothes or covert surveillance.
Who was August Vollmer?
A police reformer credited with developing the modern police department structure and advocating for education and training.
What is community policing?
A strategy that focuses on building positive relationships between the police and the community, emphasizing crime prevention.
What considerations are there when developing a police department?
Values, goals, budget, staffing, community relations, and training.
What was the significance of Terry v. Ohio?
A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the right for officers to stop and frisk a person based on reasonable suspicion.
What is effective communication in policing?
Clear, concise, and empathetic communication between officers, the public, and within law enforcement agencies.
What is polygraph usage in law enforcement?
Polygraphs are used to assess truthfulness, though they are not always admissible in court.
What is the difference between interview and interrogation?
An interview is a conversation to gather information; an interrogation is more intense questioning to obtain confessions.
What are Miranda warnings?
The legal rights read to a suspect upon arrest, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.
What are effective field notes?
Detailed, objective notes taken by officers during investigations to document events and evidence.
What are admissible confessions?
Confessions obtained without coercion and after the suspect has been informed of their rights.
What are legal searches?
Searches conducted with a warrant or under exceptions like consent, plain view, or exigent circumstances.
What is less-lethal technology?
Tools like tasers and bean bag rounds used to subdue suspects without causing serious injury.
What is the backbone of law enforcement?
Patrol officers who carry out the day-to-day tasks of policing.
