Monera - Bacteria

Is Bacteria Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

Prokaryotic

Define Prokaryotic

Does not have a nucleus

Is Bacteria Autotrophic or Heterotrophic?

Can be Both

Is Bacteria Multicellular or Unicellular?

Unicellular

How is bacteria identified?

By their shape

Name the shapes of bacteria

Round

Rod

Spiral

Label This Diagram

The Structure of Bacteria

a - Plasma Membrane

b - Cell Wall

c - Capsule

d - Nuclear Material

e - Ribosomes

f - Flagella

g - Plasmid

Define the function of the Plasma membrane

Semi permeable

Define the function of the cell wall

Protection and structure

Define the function of the Capsule

Protection

Define the function of the Ribosomes

Make Protein

Define The Function of the Flagella

Movement

Define The Function of the Plasmid

Antibiotic resistance

Define The Function of the Nuclear material

Reproduction

How do bacteria reproduce?

Binary Fission

Outline the steps of Binary Fission

1. DNA replication

2. Cell elongates

3. Two identical DNA move to opposite sides of the

cell

4. Cytokinesis occurs

Define Cytokinesis

Cell Division

Define Photosynthetic

Make their own food using light

Define Chemosynthetic

Use energy from chemical reactions

Define Saprophyte

Organism that takes in food from dead organic matter decomposers

Define Parasite

Organism that takes in food from a live host and causes harm

Name the factors that affect bacteria growth

Oxygen

Temperature

pH

Environmental concentration

How does Oxygen have an affect on bacteria growth

Bacteria are obligate anaerobes or aerobes

Define obligate anaerobe

Cannot live in the presence of oxygen

Define obligate aerobes

Can only live in the presence of oxygen

What is the optimum temperature for bacteria?

10 - 30 °C

How does cold temperature have an affect on bacteria

Slow bacterial growth due to enzymes slowing

How does hot temperature have an affect on bacteria

Bacteria die due to their enzymes being denatured

What is the optimum PH range for bacteria?

6-8PH

Define Acidophilies

Can live in acidic environments

Define Alkaliphilies

Cannot live in acidic environments

How does Environmental concentration have an affect on bacteria?

Concentration of solution around bacteria can affect how they grow

How can Bacteria withstand harsh and unfavourable condition?

By producing endospores

How long does the endospore stay dormant?

Until suitable conditions arise

What happens to the endospore under suitable conditions?

Breaks down and binary fission occurs

Name 3 Economic benefits of Bacteria

Produce antibiotics

Produce cheese and yogurt

Symbiotic

Name 2 economic disadvantages of Bacteria

Food decay

Disease

Define Antibiotic

Chemicals produced by micro-organisms to kill other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue

Define Pathogens

Disease causing micro-organisms

Name an example of a pathogen

Bacteria

Differentiate between Viruses and Bacteria

Antibiotics only work on bacteria

What are antibiotics used for?

Control bacterial infection

Name the first antibiotic and its creator

Penicillin - Sir Alexander Fleming

Name a disadvantage of Antibiotics

Overuse has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria

List out (in order) the stages of the growth curve

1. Lag Phase

2. Log Phase

3. Stationary Phase

4. Decline Phase

5. Survival Phase

Explain the Lag Phase

Microorganisms are adapting to the conditions

Explain the Log Phase

Numbers increase very rapidly as bacteria reproducing at their maximum rate

Explain the Stationary Phase

Production of new bacteria is equal to the death of existing bacteria

Explain the Decline Phase

Death of the microorganisms is much greater than reproduction.

Explain the survival phase

Endospores are produced

Label This Diagram

The Bacterial Growth Curve

a - Number of bacteria

b - time

c - lag phase

d - log phase

e - stationary phase

f - death phase

Name the ideal conditions for Bacteria

Food

Moisture

Space

Oxygen

Define Food Processing

The use of micro-organisms to form useful products

Define Bioreactor

Container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product

Explain the process of Batch Culture

1. Fixed amount of Nutrients added to micro-organisms in bioreactor

2. Growth curve occurs

3. Bioreactor is emptied

Explain the process Continuous flow culture

1. Continuous Nutrients added to micro-organisms in bioreactor

2. Stopped at stationary phase

3. Product is continuously removed

Define Sterile

Free from micro-organisms

Define Asepsis

Free from pathogens

Name 3 Aseptic techniques

Disinfectant

Flaming

Anti bacterial soap

Name 3 precautions when using microbes

Use sterile equipment

Dispose of all materials safely

All cultures should be considered as potentially dangerous