Bio-1

biology

Hypothesis

a possible explanation for your question (HAS to be testable and falisfiable)

Steps of the Scientific Method

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Design Experiment, Predict, Test hypothesis, analyze results

Variables

Independent (controlled/manipulated)

Dependent (measured)

Groups

Experimental Group (gets treatment) and Control (does not get treatment)

Blinds

Single-Blind experimenter does not know what group is what

Double-Blind neither experimenter nor participants know

Mass #

number of protons + number of neutrons

Compound

Substance with 2+ elements

Isotopes

Different number of neutrons

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons

Ionic Bond

formed by attraction of + or - Ions

Molecular Formula

Like C6H12O2

Non Polar

Covalent bond atoms share (covalent) electrons equally (non polar)

Polar Covalent Bonds

atoms share (covalent) electrons unequally (polar)

Hydrogen Bonds (H Bonds)

Weak attractions formed b/w partially + to a partially - atom of a different molecule

Chemical Reaction

Elements involved, Temp, and pH

Water

Cohesive and can Moderate Temperature

Solvent vs Solute

Solvent: Water

Solute: substance disolved by solvent

hydrophobic

afraid of water

hydrophilic

loves water (like a drugie loving drugs)

pH

1 Most Acidic, 7 Neutral, 14 base

Buffers

Substances that can minimize change in pH

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Amine

Phosphate

Look of them

Molecules of Life

Proteins, Fats, Nucleic Acids, Carbs

Carbs

monomer (simple sugar) aka monosaccharide

glucose (C6H12O6), Fructose (C6H12O6) but fructose is much sweeter than glucose

Isomers

Same molecular formula, dif structure (shape makes a difference)

Disaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides (Carbs, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose)`

Lipids

hydrophobic: does not easily dissolve in water

not large macromolecules

not true polymers

Saturated vs Unsatured bonds

Proteins

Monomer: amino acids

connected via Peptide Bonds

shape determined by specific sequence of amino acids

Nucleic Acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acids)

DNA - Transcription - RNA - Translation - Protein

Biological Molecules

Cells

Procaryotic 3.5 bya smaller, simpler

Eukaryotic 2.1 bya larger, more complex

Organelles

Compartments seperated by membrane

Plasma Membrane

Seperate outside and inside of cell only letting things in and keeping others out

Cytosol

Thick fluid that contains organelles or “Cell juice”

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth ER: Lipid factory and make more membrane

Rough ER

Golgi Complex

Recreate new proetins from Rough ER

Modify and ship new proteins

Lyosome

Full of diagnositic enzymes that break down materials

Vacuoles

Contractile Vacuole (pump out extra water)

Contral Vacuole (in plant cell)

Chloroplasts

Not in animal cell and for photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Energy powerhouse of the cell where glucose makes ATP