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What is organic chemistry primarily concerned with?
The chemistry of carbon compounds, particularly those bound to hydrogen.
What is the hybridization and shape of carbon in alkanes?
sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral shape.
What differentiates alkenes from alkanes?
Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond, while alkanes only have single bonds.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2, where n is any positive integer.
What defines a hydrocarbon?
An organic compound consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
How many bonds can carbon typically form?
Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
Which type of intermolecular forces are present between PCl3 and HCl molecules?
Dipole-dipole interactions.
What is the main characteristic of aromatic compounds?
They are cyclic molecules with delocalized pi electrons.
What suffix indicates an alcohol functional group?
-ol.
What is a key property of carboxylic acids?
They contain the functional group -COOH and are weak acids.
What is an alkene's general formula?
CnH2n, where n is any positive integer.
What type of bonding do alkenes exhibit?
Alkenes exhibit one sigma and one pi bond between the carbon atoms in the double bond.
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
What determines the boiling point of alkanes?
The molecular weight and the strength of intermolecular forces present.
What is the effect of multiple bonds on rotation around a bond?
Rotation is restricted around double and triple bonds.
What does the term 'functional group' refer to?
A specific combination of atoms in organic compounds that reacts in a characteristic way.
What does the ‘cis-‘ and ‘trans-‘ notation describe in alkenes?
It describes the relative positions of substituents around a double bond.
What type of hydrocarbons do alkynes represent?
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
What is the defining feature of amines?
They contain a nitrogen atom and are derivatives of ammonia (NH3).
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
R-COOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain.
What is the relationship between electronegativity and bond polarity?
Differences in electronegativity between atoms in a bond can lead to polar covalent bonds.
What is a common application of esters?
Esters are often used in perfumes and flavorings.
What type of molecular features increase the reactivity of organic compounds?
Presence of functional groups; higher electron density regions.
How are alkenes and alkynes named?
By using the suffix -ene for alkenes and -yne for alkynes.
How do hydrogen bonds affect the physical properties of alcohols?
Hydrogen bonding leads to higher melting and boiling points for alcohols.
What type of intermolecular forces dominate in nonpolar compounds?
London dispersion forces.
What is the role of the carbonyl group in organic chemistry?
It is a part of several functional groups including aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
What type of bond characterizes an aromatic compound?
Aromatic compounds exhibit delocalized pi bonding.
