Genetics - DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Flashcards covering DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, mutations, and genetic disorders based on the Chapter 11 Genetics Test transcript.

Which of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule?

guanine-cytosine

What two components make up the backbone of a DNA molecule?

phosphate molecules and deoxyribose sugars

What components are ribosomes made of?

rRNA and protein

Which of the following genetic disorders can be detected by karyotyping?

Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome

What constitutes the chromosome abnormality where part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome?

translocation

What is the least likely outcome of a mutation occurring in a person’s skin cells?

the person’s offspring have mutated skin

What is the key feature in DNA that allows it to be copied?

The pairing of nitrogen bases

What is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied?

replication

A DNA nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and which specific nitrogen base?

thymine

What is the correct order of structures from largest to smallest in size?

cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide

Which process results in the formation of Messenger RNA?

transcription

An RNA molecule is a single strand composed of subunits known as what?

nucleotides

What term classifies substances like X-rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA?

Mutagens

A DNA segment changing from AATTAG to AAATAG is an example of what type of mutation?

point mutation

A DNA segment changing from AATTAGAATTAG to ATTAGAATTAG is an example of what type of mutation?

frameshift mutation

What is a primary physical symptom for individuals with sickle-cell anemia?

Suffer tissue damage resulting from oxygen deprivation

In which part of the cell does the process of translation take place?

at the ribosomes

Which molecule is described as the "Supervisor of production of proteins" that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Which molecule holds the "Executive Position" responsible for maintaining genetic continuity through replication?

DNA

Which molecule demonstrates skills in transporting and positioning amino acids for translation?

tRNA

Who are the three scientists credited with developing the double helix model of DNA?

Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin

What is the result when parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost during mitosis or meiosis?

chromosomal mutation

What is the process of converting information from mRNA into a protein?

translation

What occurs if a nucleotide is added or removed from a DNA molecule, causing subsequent codons to be read incorrectly?

frameshift mutation

What is the defect that prevents a person from producing a blood clotting substance?

Hemophilia

What is the term for each set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid?

codon

A change in a single base pair of the DNA molecule that affects the synthesis of an entire protein is called a what?

point mutation

How are thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine collectively classified?

Nitrogen bases

Which disorder is characterized by excess mucus buildup in the lungs?

Cystic Fibrosis

In DNA base pairing, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with what?

Cytosine

What condition is characterized by being a sterile female, having a thick neck, and missing one chromosome of a pair?

Turner Syndrome

If translation relates to protein, what does transcription relate to?

messenger RNA