Integrated Physical Science Final

Work

Work = Force × Distance

Unit for work

Joule (J)

Energy

The ability to do work

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion

Potential energy

Stored energy due to position or condition

Power formula

Power = Work ÷ Time or Energy ÷ Time

Unit for power

Watt (W)

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Energy transformation example

Chemical → Thermal → Mechanical (like in a car engine)

Effect of height on potential energy

It increases potential energy

Cause of tectonic plate movement

Convection currents in the mantle

Thermal energy

The total internal energy of a substance

Thermal energy formula

Q = m × c × ΔT

What does 'm' represent in Q = mcΔT?

Mass

What does 'c' represent in Q = mcΔT?

Specific heat capacity

What does 'ΔT' represent in Q = mcΔT?

Change in temperature

Effect of temperature on density

Higher temperature decreases density

Rock cycle

A model describing how rocks change type through Earth's processes

Kinetic model of matter

How particles behave with temperature and state of matter

Evidence for plate tectonics

Volcanoes, earthquakes, fossil records, paleomagnetism

Relative dating

Determining the age of rocks by their position in layers

Absolute dating

Determining actual age using radioactive decay

Geologic terrane

A distinct block of crust with its own history

Half-life

Time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay

Geologic time scale

Timeline of Earth's history based on rock layers and fossils

Electricity generation

By spinning a coil in a magnetic field (induction)

Induction

Creating current by moving a magnet near a coil

Nonrenewable energy resource

Coal, oil, natural gas, uranium

Renewable energy resource

Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal

Igneous rock

Rock that forms from magma

Sedimentary rock

Rock that forms from erosion and deposition

Metamorphic rock

Rock that forms from heat and pressure

Static electricity

Build-up of electric charges on an object

Coulomb's Law

Force between charges depends on amount and distance

Electric field lines

Direction and strength of electric force

Interaction of like charges

They repel

Interaction of opposite charges

They attract

Voltage

Electric potential energy per charge

Current

Flow of electric charge

Resistance

Opposition to electric current

Ohm's Law

V = I × R

Current in a series circuit

Same through all components

Voltage in a parallel circuit

Same across each branch

Electrical power calculation

Power = Voltage × Current

Energy cost calculation

Cost = Power × Time × Price per unit

Right-hand rule

Used for determining magnetic field direction from current

Creation of magnetic field

Moving electric charges

Difference between motor and generator

Motor converts electrical to mechanical, generator does the opposite