EXAM 3 CDE

Middle childhood age range and what years of school

6-12 years; elementary school and middle school

Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority age range

5-12 years

Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority (Industry)

I am capable of taking on tasks to figure them out myself

Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority (Inferiority)

If children experience excessive criticism, failure, or lack of support, they may develop feelings of inferiority, leading to self-doubt and reluctance to try new challenges.

Piagets Concrete operations stage - age range

7-11 years

Piagets concrete operations stage - definition

kids can do things that are real and tangible in their heads; children can use operations that apply to real tangible objects

Signs of concrete thought - Class inclusion

the ability to classify objects into two or more categories simultaneously

Signs of concrete thought - Seriation

a child's ability to group objects based on height, weight, or importance

Signs of concrete thought - Transitivity

The ability to make inferences; make your best guess and move on

Executive Function

Throughout middle childhood, children refine their executive function skills, which helps them to succeed in school

Semantic Memory

The mental store for facts and information

Rehearsal

A memorization technique that involves repetition, either out loud, in your head, or in front of someone

Elaboration

Adding information to the facts you need to remember so that they become more detailed and easier to recall

Metamemory

The awareness of the process of remembering

ADHD trends

a disability showing these characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Brain changes in middle childhood

The frontal cortex is always developing; the connection between the cortex and amygdala (more connections happening in the brain)

Obesity Risk factors

Diabetes, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure

The Golden Years

High emotional well being, emotional self regulation grows, new contexts demand more self-control and cooperation

Self understanding - social cognitive

the ability of kids to understand emotional relationships between people

Self understanding - self esteem

How I feel about me

Self understanding - self concept

domain specifies values about yourself (Im good at art, math)

Self understanding - self efficacy

How much do I believe that I can accomplish of I put my mind to it

Types of peers - Popular

children who are liked by almost everyone, and socially successful by many of their peers. Good listeners, good at compromising, kind and empathetic

Types of peers - Rejected

Children who come to peer groups with lots of hostility and aggression are actively disliked by peer groups

Types of peers - Neglected

children who are not disliked but are seen by their peers as oh they exist. Children who are unconsidered or forgotten by their peers

Types of peers - Controversial

Children who are 50/50. Children who receive mixed ratings from their peers are strongly disliked by some and strongly liked by others

Types of peers - Average Social Acceptance

Children who fall around the middle of being liked and disliked, do not quite make it into the other categories

Bullying; three types of components

Aggression, Repetition, Power Imbalance

Who are the two groups who are likely to become bullies

Rejected and Controversial children

What is selective mutism

an anxiety disorder in which a child consistently fails to speak in specific social situations (e.g., at school or in public) while being able to speak comfortably in other settings (home)

Treatments for selective mutism

The common treatment for anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which has the strongest evidence of success. This is when the therapist addresses the thoughts that cause anxiety and exposes the individual to it so when they encounter situations that induce anxiety they become less triggered by it.

Parenting in middle childhood - co-regulation

Slow transfer of power to parent (kids can now have chores or put their clothes on)

Parenting in middle childhood - parental monoriting

Act of getting to know where child is, who they are with when parent is not around

Coercive process steps

1.Starts with harch caregiving practices, practices that have a lot of aggression (yelling, calling names, insulting)

2.Rejecting caregiving is not being there, disengaging with child

3.Disengagement

Puberty Definition

Puberty is more of a process rather than an event that lasts 4-5 years

Puberty stating age for girls

Girls enter puberty arounf 10-11 (end of elementary school) and are done arond late highschool

Puberty starting age for boys

Boys enter puberty around 8-9th grade and are done around 19-20 years of age (emerging adulthood)

Characteristics of puberty - factors that affect it

Triggered by the release of hormones; Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) & Axis (androgens, estrogens, testosterone, and growth factor)

Puberty Sequence

Weight → height → muscle

Menarche

Girls first menstrual period

Spermarche

Boys first ejaculation of sperm

Boys early maturing

Bigger, faster, stronger; rated as popular

Boys late maturing

report wishing to be seen bigger

Girls early maturing

Most at risk; may feel different and self conscious

Girls late maturing

more in line with boys their age, maximun amount of social support

Erikson Crisis vs Commitment (crisis)

Actively questioning and exploring different identities, beliefs, and roles

Erikson Crisis vs Commitment (commitment)

Making firm choices about identity (career, values, relationships) based on personal exploration

Marias 4 outcomes of identity formation: Identity diffusion

(No Exploration, No Commitment)

No clear sense of identity, no active exploration.

ex. A young adult drifts between jobs with no clear direction or long-term plans.

Marias 4 outcomes of identity formation: Identity foreclosure

(No Exploration, Commitment)

Committed without exploring alternatives.

ex. A teen decides to take over the family business without considering other careers.

Marias 4 outcomes of identity formation: Identity Moratorium

(Exploration, No Commitment)

Actively exploring but undecided

ex. A student changes majors frequently, trying to find their passion.

Marias 4 outcomes of identity formation: Identity Achievement

(Exploration & Commitment)

Explored options and made a firm commitment

ex. A teen considers different career paths, and researches, and decides to pursue medicine.

Parental Monorinting

Staying informed about a child's activities, friends, and well-being while allowing independence.

Parental Control

Imposing strict rules, restrictions, or decisions without allowing autonomy.

What do parents and teens most commonly fight about

Bickering

Egocentrism

is the inability to see a situation from another person's perspective

Personal fable

where individuals believe their experiences, thoughts, and feelin unique and cannot be understood by others

Imaginary audience

where individuals believe they are constantly being watched, judged, or noticed by others, even when they are not

Invincibility fable

where individuals believe they are immune to harm, risks, or consequences that affect others

What factors play a role in risky behavior

Pre-frontal cortex, Adolescence take more risks, especially when they're with their peers or behind a screen

What age does the brain fully develop

25-30

Good risks

Trying new activities

Bad risks

Substance use and abuse, etc.

Sensation seeking

Seeking new exiting and intense experiences - often for fun; changing an adrenaline rush

Risk taking

Engaging in behaviors that have potential risks but may also have rewards.

What happens to the brain that makes teens seek out social and romantic relationships?

Brain gets shot with dopamine when thinking about romantic relationships/partner

What are the neurotransmitters involved when teens seek out social and romantic relationships

Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Testoterone and estrogen

Rumination

refers to the process of repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on distressing thoughts, situations, or feelings.

Metacognition

the process of being aware of and controlling your Own thought processes

Anorexia

Severe restriction of food intake, leading to extreme weight loss.

Bulimia

A cycle of binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain (such as vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise).

Hyperstress

are individuals who cuts due to a stressor load

Dissociation

teens who spend most of their days dissociated with the social world, much harder to treat

Precursors

refer to early signs, influences, or stages that contribute to the development of a particular behavior, skill, or characteristic

Social contagion

Cuts are contagious, usually if someone in the friend group cuts they will

Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Pre-conventional

Children use concrete and self-centered (egocentric) reasoning

Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Conventional

Stage of moral reasoning in which children think more abstractly about what is right and wrong (tattle telling)

Kohlberg's stages of moral development: post-conventional

individuals develop their own moral principles that may or may not align with societal laws and rules