Studied by 3 people
Adolescent fertility rate
The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19
Developed country
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
Developing country
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development.
Development
A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Fair trade
A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries.
Female labor force participation rate
The percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home.
Foreign direct investment(FDI)
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Gender Inequality index (GII)
An indicator constructed by the U.N to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market.
Gender development index (GDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.S to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The value of total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for the money that leaves and enters the country.
Gross national income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.
Human development index (HDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy.
Inequality-adjusted human development (IHDI)
A modification of the HDI to account for inequality.
Literacy rate
The percentage of a county's people who can read and write.
Microfinance
Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.
Millennium development goals
Eight goal adopted by the U.N in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015.
Primary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from the earth, generally through agriculture.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Pupil/Teacher ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers.
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country.
Secondary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
Structural adjustment program
Economic policies imposed in less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions that encourage international trade.
Sustainable development goals
Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.
Tertiary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
World systems theory
Theory developed by Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery.
Acid deposition
The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface
Acid precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to earth as rain, snow, or fog.
Active solar energy
Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that covert light energy to electrical energy.
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.
Animate power
Power supplied by animals or people.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.
Biomass fuel
Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste.
Break-of-Bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final products weighs more or compromises a greater volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less of compromises a lower volume than the inputs.
Consumptive water usage
The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the industrial revolution.
Demand
The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.
Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.
Fordist production
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Fossil fuel
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
Geothermal energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive as a factory moments before they are needed.
Labor-intensive industry
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Maquiladora
A factory built by a U.S company in Mexico near the U.S border , to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
New international division of labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed countries to less developed countries.
Non-consumptive water usage
The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.
Nonpoint-source pollution
Pollution that originates from a large diffuse area.
Nonrenewable energy
A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.
Passive solar energy systems
Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.
Photochemical smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.
Point-source pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.
Pollution
Concentration of waster added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.
Post-fordist production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Potential reserve
The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.
Proven reserve
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.
Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.
Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specification of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.
Renewable energy
A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.
Right-to-work law
A U.S law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
Sanitary landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gasses and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.
Vertical integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
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