Memory: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval
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42 question-and-answer flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on memory processes.
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44 Terms
What is short-term memory?
Temporary store for limited items
What is organizational encoding?
Categorizing information by relationships
What is a mnemonic?
Memory aid
Which memory system holds information for a few seconds or less?
Sensory memory
What is iconic memory?
Visual sensory memory
What is echoic memory?
Auditory sensory memory
What is the average capacity of short-term memory?
7 ± 2 items
What is rehearsal?
Conscious repetition of information
What effect does rehearsal have on memory?
Moves information to long-term memory
What is the serial position effect?
Better recall of first and last items
What is the primacy effect?
Enhanced recall of initial items
What is the recency effect?
Enhanced recall of final items
Which component integrates information into an episode?
Episodic buffer
What is long-term memory?
Store with no known capacity limit
What is consolidation?
Stabilization of memories
Which brain area acts as a memory index?
Hippocampus
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to retrieve old memories
What is explicit memory?
Conscious recall of facts and events
Which brain structure is crucial for explicit memory?
Hippocampus
What is implicit memory?
Unconscious influence of experience
Which memory type includes skills like riding a bike?
Implicit memory
What is retrieval?
Bringing stored information to mind
What is a retrieval cue?
Trigger that aids recall
What is the misinformation effect?
Memory distortion from misleading information
What is the encoding specificity principle?
Recall improves when context matches encoding
What is state-dependent memory?
Better recall when internal state matches encoding
What is mood-congruent memory?
Recall that matches current mood
What is recall?
Retrieving information with minimal cues
What is recognition?
Identifying previously learned information
What is relearning?
Faster study of previously learned material
What is retrieval-induced forgetting?
Forgetting suppressed competitors
What is source amnesia?
Misattributing a memory’s origin
What is motivated forgetting?
Unconscious memory suppression
What is repression?
Burying anxiety-arousing memories
What is proactive interference?
Old information disrupts new
What is retroactive interference?
New information disrupts old
What is collaborative memory?
Group recall process
What is prospective memory?
Remembering future tasks
What is intention offloading?
Using external cues for future tasks
Which principle says “cells that fire together wire together”?
Hebbian learning
What is long-term potentiation?
Lasting synaptic strengthening
Which memory phenomenon would benefit from an image? (image)
Serial position effect
Which experiment would benefit from a diagram? (image)
Sperling’s sensory memory experiment