Video Study Guide Unit 2: Cellular Components, Membrane Structure, Endosymbiosis, and Water Potential

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from cellular components, membrane structure and adaptations, endosymbiosis, and water potential.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis; found in large numbers in cells with high protein production.

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC); ATP production; contains its own circular DNA.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis (plants only); contains DNA, ribosomes, and a double membrane.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Protein folding and transport; studded with ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Lipid synthesis and detoxification; proliferates in liver cells exposed to drugs (e.g., phenobarbital).

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins; works with ER to distribute cell products.

Lysosomes

Digestion and recycling; breaks down cellular waste and damaged organelles.

Vacuole

Storage of water, nutrients, waste; large central vacuole in plant cells.

Cytoskeleton

Structural support and movement; made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Microfilaments (Actin)

Muscle contraction and cell movement.

Microtubules

Transport and cell division (spindle fibers); not primarily involved in contraction.

Intermediate Filaments

Cell strength and stability; structural support.

Cilia/Flagella

Movement of the cell or surrounding fluids; not involved in contraction.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes; evidence includes their own DNA, circular chromosomes, self-replication, and their own transcription/translation; not supporting: linear chromosomes.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Membrane is fluid; lipids and proteins move laterally within the bilayer and are held together by weak hydrophobic interactions.

Cold Environment Membrane Adaptations

More unsaturated fatty acids (increases fluidity); shorter fatty acid chains (increases flexibility); more saturated fats (increase rigidity; not good in cold); cholesterol (adds stability but may decrease fluidity in cold).

Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V)

High SA:V leads to efficient material exchange; low SA:V is better for storage.

Water Potential

A measure of the potential energy of water in a system that drives osmosis and water movement.