Classical Conditioning
A learning process associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
Learning where behavior is influenced by consequences, leading to increased or decreased likelihood of behavior recurrence.
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others and imitating their behaviors.
Learned Helplessness
Feeling powerless due to past failures or negative outcomes.
Taste Aversion
Developing a dislike for certain foods due to negative associations.
Superstitious Behavior
Belief in cause and effect without logical connection.
Preparedness
Organism's readiness to be conditioned in certain ways due to evolutionary history.
Instinctive Drift
Tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors interfering with conditioned responses.
Albert Bandura
Psychologist known for social learning theory emphasizing observational learning.
B.F
Psychologist associated with operant conditioning theory.
Edward Thorndike
Psychologist known for the law of effect in behaviorism.
Edward Tolman
Psychologist who developed latent learning theory.
Ivan Pavlov
Physiologist known for classical conditioning experiments with dogs.
John Watson
Psychologist known as the father of behaviorism.
Wolfgang Kohler
Psychologist known for insight learning theory.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus due to previous conditioning.
Acquisition
Linking the Neutral Stimulus (NS) and Unconditioned Stimulus (US) to trigger the Conditioned Response (CR).
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
Triggering the conditioned response to a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
Conditioned response only occurring to a specific conditioned stimulus.
Fixed Ratio
A system of reinforcement where a response is rewarded only after a specified number of responses.
Variable Ratio
Delivering reinforcements after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed Interval
A schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Variable Interval
A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning or conditioning where a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
B.F
A psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, stating that behavior is determined by its consequences.
Chaining
Linking individual behaviors into a sequence where each behavior serves as both an end result and a cue for the next one.
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the layout of one's physical environment.
Discrimination
The ability to differentiate between specific and similar stimuli.
E.L
A psychologist who developed the law of effect, stating that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are likely to be repeated.
Edward Tolman
A psychologist who developed a cognitive view of learning known as latent learning.
Extinction
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
Generalization
The tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by similar stimuli.
Insight Learning
Solving a problem through sudden understanding or realization.
Interval Schedule
Reinforcement after a specific amount of time has passed.
John Garcia
Known for research on taste aversion and the Garcia Effect.
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and is demonstrated later.
Law of Effect
Responses followed by satisfaction are likely to be repeated.
Negative Punishment
Taking away something desirable to decrease behavior likelihood.
Reproduction
The ability in psychology to recreate mental images or concepts from memory.
Retention
The psychological ability to keep or hold onto information and recall it when needed.